在你生产后的第二天到第六天你的母乳将变得更多或者说“下奶了”。在这之前，你的宝宝将喝到通常称为初乳的“最初乳汁”，初乳将提供给宝宝所有他需要的营养，以及重要的抗体和其他免疫物质来保护他不生病。你的乳汁逐渐过渡到成熟的乳汁大概需要两周的时间。

当乳汁变得更多的时候，你的乳房可能觉得像要爆裂一样，这是因为乳房里除了增加的乳汁本身，还有为准备产生乳汁而增加的血液和其他液体，而它们也运行到了乳房的位置。有些女性只感觉有一点胀，而其他人则感觉很明显。通常胀奶现象会在12-48小时内消失。特别重要的是要通过持续地频繁地哺喂你的宝宝来将乳房内的乳汁排空以便腾出空间给额外的液体，因为这样可以减轻充血。

你可以通过以下方式防止或减轻充血状态
•尽早并且频繁哺乳。出生后尽可能早地开始哺乳并且一天至少十次。
•确保你的宝宝放置的位置和吸奶姿势正确

•按需哺乳。如果你的宝宝白天睡觉超过两到三个小时或者夜里超过四个小时，叫醒他哺喂。
•让宝宝吃完一边乳房再换边。意思是等宝宝吃到睡了或者自己离开乳房，不必限制宝宝吃奶的时间。
•如果你的宝宝完全没有哺乳或者说哺乳情况不好，按宝宝吃奶的频率将乳汁用手挤出或用电动吸奶器挤。

对有些妈妈来说，胀奶的感觉会持续下去，她们的乳房会变得很难受。大多数的妈妈会发现频繁的哺乳有助于减轻这种不适。处理这种充血不适感的其它建议包括：
•轻柔的乳房按摩
    用你的手掌从胸的最上部（就是你的锁骨下面），轻柔地围绕乳头做圆周按摩。这种按摩在你淋浴时或者靠在浴缸里将温水洒到乳房上时做更为有效。
•温敷 按摩 冷敷
    有些妈妈发现在哺乳之前温敷、挤出些奶能减轻充血，温敷太久会引起肿胀和发炎，所以应该温敷时间不能长。冷敷可以减轻肿胀和减少痛苦。
•卷心菜敷法
    家庭中比较常见的材料可以用于减轻充血不适感的是卷心菜叶子。将卷心菜里面的叶子清洗后，把叶脉去掉，用擀面杖擀碎（或者类似的东西）。可以冷藏或室温使用。将其直接覆盖在乳房上，胸罩里面。菜叶蔫了之后或者每两小时更换一次。如果有皮疹或者其他过敏状况出现要停止使用。有报告称卷心菜敷法会引起产奶量减少，所以有些专家建议妈妈们肿胀减轻后不要再使用此种方法。

如有以下状况立即与你的医护人员联系：
•采取上述各种措施后充血状况并没有减轻。
•开始出现乳腺炎的症状：发热超过100.6°F (38.1°C), 乳房发红、疼痛、肿胀，发冷，类似流感的症状。
•你的宝宝不能含住乳房
•你的宝宝没有足够量的小便和大便（详见我怎么才能知道我的宝宝是否吃足了奶?）
充血会引起乳头变平，或者乳头周围即乳晕的位置变硬和肿胀。如果硬到宝宝无法含住就是麻烦了。有效的方法是反向按压软化法。反向按压软化法，或者叫RPS，软化乳晕使宝宝含乳和乳汁流出更容易。它与手动挤奶有所不同（如果奶出来的话当然也可以）。下面是RPS的说明和指导.

反向按压软化法
K. Jean Cotterman 注册认证护士, 国际泌乳顾问 (mellomom@gmail.com)
概述
    反向按压软化法是一种用于软化乳头周围（乳晕）以便宝宝更容易吸住，奶更容易出来的新方法，衔奶是不应该疼痛的。如果你的乳晕柔软到在哺乳时可以改变形状，这将有助于你的宝宝将乳头更深地含入他的嘴里，所以他的舌头上下颚能压住乳晕下的乳腺管（这与宝宝吸吮人造乳头的动作不同）
这个方法跟用手挤奶不同，不要期望用这种方法软化乳晕时会有奶流出来（但是如果真的有奶流出来的话也没有问题）

何时有帮助？
    在早期即可尝试使用反向按压软化法，比如生产后开始注意到乳晕发紧、感到吸奶疼痛或者乳房发涨。（发胀的感觉只是部分是由奶引起的，延迟或者跳过哺乳也会引起你的乳腺管像海绵一样保存多余的液体，这部分液体永远不会到达你的宝宝那里。）静脉（IV）输液或者像催产素之类的药物可能会造成更多滞留的组织液体，这些液体一般要7-14天才能消失。避免长时间或者在高档位上的吸奶器的使用来防止乳晕更进一步的肿胀。
感觉乳晕和组织内陷。是否柔软容易挤，就像你的耳垂和嘴唇一样？或者压上去感觉又紧又硬就像你的下巴颏儿？如果是这样，在每次给你的宝宝哺乳前就应该尝试用反向按压软化法了（有些妈妈在喂奶前软化乳晕，进行了一周或者更长的时间，直到肿胀消除，能听到宝宝有规律的吞咽奶的声音，而且不用在喂奶前软化，吃奶时也没有疼痛了）

它为何有效？
    反向按压软化法通过简单的运动使肿胀前后上下移动来软化乳晕，所以它可以改变乳晕的形状并使乳头变长。
它会给你的乳房发送特殊的信号让它开始向前输送奶水（喷乳反射）到宝宝舌头可以到达的地方。如果你需要把奶输送给你的宝宝，它也可以使奶水更容易随着你的手指运动或者在更短时间内产奶。

我应该按哪儿？
    最重要的是软化乳晕的位置在乳头周围一英寸的范围，如果你愿意可以更大的范围。你可能想软化到宝宝的下巴颏儿能随意到达的地方。反向按压软化法不会引起不适感。

我是如何用反向按压软化法的？
K. Jean Cotterman 注册认证护士, 国际泌乳顾问 (mellomom@gmail.com)
由Ohio州Dayton的Kyle Cotterman叙述说明
•你（或者给你帮忙的人，在你前面或者后面）选取图片中的一种模式
•将手指或者大拇指放在乳头周围按压
•（如果肿胀很厉害，躺下让别人帮忙将手指放在你的手指上面）
•轻轻地但要笔直地向着肋骨方向按压
•持续稳定地按压1-3分钟
•放松、自由呼吸、唱首催眠曲、听听喜欢的歌或者让他人给看着表或者设定时器，来观察你的乳晕是否好些了，试着用下小镜子。
•根据你自己的需要经常重复向内按压是可以的。可能会形成“涡状”，要一直坚持到容易吸奶，要坚持检查你的乳晕是否柔软
•你也可以用切掉一半的人造奶头做成环状进行按压
•乳头周围变软后及时给宝宝哺乳。

You are not alone in wondering about losing weight. Many women are anxious to return to their pre-pregnancy shape and weight after childbirth. Do try to remember that your pregnancy weight wasn‘‘t gained overnight so it won‘‘t disappear that quickly, either. As a matter of fact, you gained that weight so that you would have plenty of reserves for feeding your baby.

在关注产后减肥的路上你不是独自一人。许多妈妈们都渴望在宝宝出生以后，能尽快恢复到孕前的身材和体重。但是你要知道，你孕期所增加的体重并非一夜之间长出来的，所以想要它消失也没那么快。事实上，你孕期所增加的体重令你有了足够的储备来喂养宝宝。

Here is more reassuring news from LLLI BREASTFEEDING ANSWER BOOK, 3rd Edition, 2003. “Breastfeeding mothers tend to lose more weight when their babies are three to six months old than formula-feeding mothers who consume fewer calories (Dewey, 1993; Heinig 1992). Another study of mothers at one month postpartum found that mothers who breastfed (either exclusively or partially) had slimmer hips and weighed less than women whose babies received only formula” (Kramer 1993).

这里有一些来自国际母乳会《母乳喂养问答手册》（2003年第三版）上的内容，这些信息会令你感到欣慰。一些对三到六个月婴儿母亲的研究(Dewey, 1993; Heinig 1992)发现，采取母乳喂养比采取配方奶喂养所消耗的热量多，因此，减掉的体重也更多。另有一项对产后一个月母亲的研究（Kramer 1993）表明，母乳喂养宝宝（无论是纯母乳喂养或是混合喂养）的母亲比用配方奶喂养宝宝的母亲，臀部更苗条体重更轻。 

It is safer for you to wait at least two months postpartum to purposely lose weight, as your body needs this time to recover from childbirth and establish a good milk supply. Many mothers lose weight in the early months by following a normal diet and eating to hunger. If you have stopped losing weight or are gaining weight after the first two months, check with your doctor about increasing your activity level and reducing your intake by about 100 calories per day. A daily brisk half-hour walk with your children in a stroller or sling will help you lose weight plus get you outside for fresh air.

至少在产后2个月开始减肥会比较安全。因为，你的身体需要一段时间完成产后恢复，同时建立起稳定的母乳供应。很多妈妈在头几个月正常饮食，并且饿了才吃，这样做之后体重就开始减了。如果你在头两个月里，体重并不减轻或者反而增加，请与你的医生协商，是否需要增加你的运动量并每天减少100卡路里能量的食物。每天推着婴儿车或者用背巾背着宝宝轻快地步行半小时，能帮助你减轻体重并且呼吸到户外的新鲜空气。

Gradual weight loss of about one pound per week, while consuming about 1500 to 1800 calories per day, will help you to feel good and have the energy you need to care for your baby. The composition of your milk really does not vary much with your diet. (Mothers in famine conditions can produce milk that is nutritionally perfect for their babies.) However, your health may suffer if too many of your own reserves are used to provide milk. It takes a lot of energy to care for your baby so be sure to take care of yourself by “eating to hunger” and “drinking to thirst.”

慢慢来，保持每周大约减掉一磅的体重（约453.6克），约等于每天消耗1500到1800卡路里的热量，这样会让你感觉良好，并且有足够的精力照顾你的小宝宝。你乳汁中的成分并不会因为你的饮食而发生大的改变。（处于贫困饥荒中的母亲，照样可以为她的宝宝生产出营养的乳汁。）但是，假使你自身的储备，被过多地用于生产乳汁，那么你的健康也可能会受到影响。而且，照顾宝宝会消耗掉你大量的能量，所以务必要照顾好自己，“饿了就吃，渴了就喝”。

 Anyone who wants to start a weight loss program should consult with their physician to rule out any health problems that would contraindicate the diet or exercise.

任何打算开始减肥计划的人，都应该咨询他们的医生，先排除那些影响健康的饮食和运动禁忌。

Marianne Vakiener
VA USA
From: NEW BEGINNINGS, Vol. 16 No. 4, July-August 1999, pp. 116-19
来源：新起点，第16卷第四期，1999年7-8月，P116-119

王冬 阮婧婧 译 Shiuh-jane，Daisy 审校

Several years ago, when my first child was around two, my husband’s younger sister joined us on vacation. While we were walking near the beach one afternoon, my son, David, asked to nurse. My sister-in-law asked with surprise, “He‘‘s still nursing?” Time almost stood still for me as possible responses ran through my head. I decided that my sister-in-law, who was not even thinking of having children yet, actually knew very little about breastfeeding and was simply expressing surprise that a baby could nurse as long as two years. I took a deep breath and said, as calmly as I could, “Yes, isn‘‘t that wonderful? I‘‘m really proud that we‘‘ve been able to keep it up so long especially because I went back to work part-time.” She seemed satisfied by my answer and the moment passed, leaving both of us with our dignities intact.

几年以前，当我的第一个孩子差不多两岁的时候，我丈夫的妹妹到我家与我们一起度假。一天下午，我们在海滩上散步，我的儿子大卫想要吃奶。我的小姑子很惊讶地问：“他还在吃奶吗？”时间仿佛停滞，所有可能的应对均在我脑中闪现。我的小姑子还从来没有想过要孩子，我想实际上她对母乳喂养了解很少，就因为如此，她才对孩子可以吃奶到两岁如此地惊讶。我深深吸了一口气以平复心情，然后说：“是的，是不是好极了？尤其是在我开始做一些兼职工作之后还能坚持下来，我为此感到很骄傲。”她看起来对我的回答很满意，我们俩人的尊严都完好无损。

Many of us know just what to say in such tough situations- the only problem is timing. The perfect reply comes to us later, perhaps while we‘‘re driving or taking a shower. Unfortunately, no one is there in the car or the bathroom to hear that clever, insightful reply!

我们中的很多人都知道在这种情况下如何回应——关键问题是时机。完美的回答总是稍后才来，也许就在我们开车或是淋浴的时候。不幸的是，在车里或者浴室里没人能听到这么聪明和有见解的回答。

At La Leche League meetings, mothers are often encouraged to trust their instincts and pay attention to their mothering intuition. In a perfect world, a mother‘‘s inner voice would be clear, consistent, and always right. And, in a perfect world, the other people in our lives would respect the wisdom of our intuition and our autonomy in making parenting decisions. Yet in reality, there are times when every mother doubts herself and there are times when other people question parents choices and even express disapproval.

在国际母乳会的聚会上，母亲们经常得到鼓励，让她们相信自己的本能和关注她们的母性直觉。如果这个世界很完美，一位母亲内心的声音将会是清晰的、坚定的和正确的，而且生活中的其他人将尊重她们明智的直觉和抚养孩子的自主权。但实际上，每个母亲都会有怀疑自己的时候，也会有其他人质疑甚至是反对父母的选择的时候。

What a strange undertaking it is to be a parent! In a way it is simple- you give birth or you adopt a baby. Yet the process of becoming a parent really extends over some time. From the moment you hold your baby in your arms through birthdays and illnesses and developmental milestones, you are always learning more about the job of motherhood. But all the training is on-the-job. As part of our on-the-job training we face the task of learning to respond to questions and comments about how we ate raising our children. How we respond depends upon the source of the comments (who), the underlying reason for the criticism (why), the topic (what), and the place it happens (where).

做父母是多么奇怪的一项工作工啊！成为父母是很简单的——只要你生育孩子或者收养孩子。然而做父母的历程才刚刚开始。从抱起宝宝的那一刻起，当孩子过生日、生病或是取得新的进步时，你一直都在学习怎么样成为一个更好的父母。但是所有的训练都是在职培训。作为在职培训的一部分，我们要面对如何回应在孩子的养育问题上他人提出的质疑和批评。如何回答取决于很多因素，是谁提出的批评，批评的内在原因是什么，批评的内容是什么以及批评发生的地点在哪里。

Questions and comments can come from several sources. Grandparents may be the most common commentators. Sometimes these comments are more pointed if you have the first grandchild in the family or are the first to breastfeed a baby. “Are you still starving my grandson?” said one father-in-law to the mother of a seven-day-old baby. As upsetting as it can be to hear criticism from grandparents, criticism from our parenting partner can feel most like a stab in the heart. We may also hear such comments from our friends (whether they are parents or not), our neighbors, our siblings and other family members. Many parents have had the experience of a random stranger‘‘s unsolicited comment. “Oh, it‘‘s so cold out today. Where is your baby‘‘s hat?”

质疑和批评可能来自很多人。祖父母也许是最常见的评论员。如果你的孩子是这个家族中第一个孙子或者孙女，或者是第一个母乳喂养的宝宝，有时这种批评会更多。“你是不是在让我的孙子饿着？”一位祖父对着出生七天的宝宝的妈妈说。来自于祖父母或者伴侣的批评就像一根刺一样，刺痛母亲的心。我们也有可能从我们的朋友（不管他们是不是已经成为父母）、邻居、兄弟姐妹和其他家庭成员那里听到批评。许多父母应该都有这样的经历，一个完全陌生的人会很随意地提出意见：“哦，这么冷的天，你宝宝的帽子呢？”

It always helps to look for what has been called “the question behind the question,” that is, the motivating factor. The reasons vary, but generally people question your parenting style when you have made a choice that is different from the perceived norm. They may be confused about what you‘‘re doing or worried about your baby. Usually, the people who comment on a mother‘‘s choices care about her and her babies. Surely a grandparent‘‘s underlying concern is based on love for a grandchild. Identifying the motivation behind a particular comment can help put it in perspective and help you decide how to handle it. When someone asks about a toddler who is still nursing, the underlying reason may be confusion. Nursing beyond one year (or even beyond six months) is not common in many parts of the world. Those who have no experience with toddler nursing may not even know that it is possible.

学会分析问题总是有助于寻找“问题背后的问题”，这是他人批评的动机。原因总在变化，尤其当你和常规的养育方式不同时，人们就是会质疑。他们被你正在做的事情搞糊涂了或者担心你的宝宝。通常，批评母亲的人们是对她和她的孩子表示关心。可以肯定，祖父母的忧虑本质是关心孙子或者孙女。确定某一批评背后的动机可以帮助你从他人的角度出发并且帮助你解决它。当有人问到还在吃奶的学步宝宝时，本质的原因可能是他们很困惑。母乳喂养超过一年（或者超过6个月）在世界上很多地方都不寻常。那些没有喂养学步宝宝经验的人甚至不会知道这是可行的。

Different choices were at the heart of a conflict for Christine C., of Oakton, Virginia. She had a close friend with older children whom she thought of as a mothering mentor. She had followed her friend‘‘s example in some areas, but decided to do other things differently. One evening when Christine was not home, her friend called and lectured Christine‘‘s husband about the bad parenting choices they were making. Christine told the members of her LLL Group that she realized then that her friend saw only two possible explanations for the difference in their choices: either Christine had been brainwashed by LLL or Christine considered her friend‘‘s choices wrong. How sad that this important friendship suffered because Christine‘‘s friend hadn‘‘t considered a third possibility- that they had each done what was best for their own families.

对于来自美国维吉尼亚州奥克顿的Christine C来说，不同的选择是冲突的根本原因。她有一个很亲近的朋友，朋友的孩子已经比较大了，她把这位朋友作为养育方面的顾问。她在某些方面效仿她的朋友，但在某些方面做法不同。一个晚上，Christine不在家，她的朋友打电话来并且责备她的丈夫在抚养孩子上的某些做法。Christine将这件事与国际母乳会的成员讨论，她意识到她的朋友对这个问题只有两种解释：要么是Christine被国际母乳会洗过脑了，要么是Christine认为她朋友的选择是错误的。她们之间的友谊有了裂痕，令人难过，只因为Christine的朋友从来没有考虑到第三种可能性—─她们都在做对自己的家庭最好的选择。

Sometimes health care professionals express concerns in a critical way, as Joyce E. of Fredricksburg, Virginia discovered. When Joyce mentioned to a doctor prescribing medication for her that she was nursing a two-year-old, the doctor exclaimed, “Joyce, Joyce, why are you still breastfeeding? This is not good. Not good. You‘‘ll be sorry. Stop it now!” Joyce replied by mentioning that she knew people who nursed until three or even four. When the doctor repeated his advice, she brushed it off with a laugh. She realized that her doctor may have been an expert about many kinds of health problems, but knew little about extended nursing or her family‘‘s values.

有时卫生保健专业人员用批评的语气表达关心。维吉尼亚的Joyce E举了她的一个例子。当她提及她还在为两岁的宝宝哺乳时，正在开药的医生很惊讶，“Joyce，Joyce，你为什么还在喂母乳呢？这样不好，不好。你会后悔的。马上停下来！” Joyce回答说她知道还有人一直哺乳到宝宝三岁甚至四岁呢。当她的医生重申了他的意见时，Joyce笑着拒绝了。她意识到她的医生可能是健康问题方面的专家，但是对长期哺乳和她的家庭价值观却了解很少。

Relatives from the previous generation may feel an implied criticism when we do things differently than they did. Imagine a grandmother‘‘s feelings when her own child does things she is unfamiliar with, for example, breastfeeding or avoiding spanking as a parenting tool. She may feel that if her daughter or son rejects her parenting choices that it means they are rejecting her, too. Or she may be afraid that her child thinks she did a bad job of parenting. Such feelings usually remain unspoken, but they can cause a great deal of anxiety. A mother‘‘s own feelings can affect her responses. When someone expresses concern about an issue that is of little import, it‘‘s often easy to shrug it off. But when you‘‘re questioned about issues that are close to your heart, or ones that you are struggling with, you‘‘re more likely to hear the concern as criticism.

当我们做的事情和他们不一样时，上一辈的亲属会觉得他们受到了含蓄的批评。想象一位祖母，当她孩子做着自己不熟悉的事情时的感觉，例如，母乳喂养或是避免把体罚作为管教工具。她会感到她的女儿或者儿子在否认她的养育方式的同时也否认了她。或者她害怕孩子认为她的养育方式不好。这种感觉通常不会说出口，但是会带来焦虑。一位母亲的感觉会影响到她的反应。当一些表示关切的问题没有什么内在含义的，往往很容易摆脱。但当你被问到的问题触碰到你的内心，或正好是那些你不想听到的问题，你更可能把它当做是批评。

One mother comments that if someone criticized her choice of car seat or her meatloaf recipe, she‘‘d be amused because she doesn‘‘t have an emotional attachment to her car seat or her meatloaf. But if someone criticized her toddler‘‘s behavior, she‘‘d be more likely to feel defensive because she feels that his behavior reflects on her mothering ability even though she knows that much of his behavior is developmental and will pass with time. Criticism can occur in many places. We may hear comments at family gatherings, even when relatives visit in our homes. Sometimes comments come from friends and acquaintances in a play-group or at a neighborhood or school event. Even in the sanctuary of our religious community we may encounter unsolicited questions or criticism. Public places such as the library, grocery stores, or restaurants sometimes seem stocked with strangers lying in wait to critique our parenting. Each of these situations inspires different reactions and calls for different responses.

一个母亲解释道：如果有人批评她选择的汽车座椅或她的肉饼食谱，她会觉得很逗乐，因为她对她的汽车座椅或她的肉饼没有情感依恋。但是如果有人指责她孩子的行为，她很有可能有抵触情绪，因为她觉得孩子的行为代表了她作为母亲的能力，尽管她知道大部分的行为正在发展且将随着时间的推移而消失。批评会发生在很多地方，比如家庭聚会上，或者亲戚到家里做客时。有时候在参加聚会、社区或学校活动时，朋友和熟人也会提出批评。即使在庇护我们的教会里，我们也可能遇到不请自来的质疑或批评。还有图书馆、百货商店或餐馆这些公众场所好像也有很多等待着评论我们的养育方式的陌生人。每种情况下都需要有不同的反应和不同的回答。

How to Respond
如何回应

A mothe‘‘s response to criticism will vary depending upon the source of the criticism, the issue being criticized, when the comments occur, and her assessment of the underlying motivation. Thinking ahead about ways to handle criticism can make you feel less vulnerable to comments from others. Five possible methods of responding are to ignore, inform, use humor, acknowledge, or empathize.
一个母亲对批评的反应将取决于批评的来源、批评的话题、发生的时间和批评的基本动机。先想好如何处理批评会使你没那么容易被其他人的批评所伤害。五种可行的应对方法为：忽略、给予信息、运用幽默感、承认对方或者共情 。

When you don‘‘t know what to say, you can ignore the comment by saying nothing, avoiding eye contact, walking away, or changing the subject. A non sequitur can be a subtle way to ignore by refusing to be drawn into the discussion. For instance, the classic reply to “How long are you going to continue nursing him?” is “Oh, about 10 more minutes.” Changing the subject might work at a family gathering. “Oh, Adam, I wanted to be sure to ask about your new job. Tell us how it‘‘s going.” By giving a response that avoids the underlying question, you can sometimes steer the conversation away from a subject that you‘‘re not interested in debating.

当你不知道说什么的时候，你可以以沉默的方式忽略问题，避免眼神的交流、走开或者转换话题。拒绝回答是一个巧妙的忽略方式，不把问题变成争论。例如：一个典型的问题“你打算母乳喂养他到什么时候？”“哦，大约再10分钟。”改变话题会在家庭聚会中起作用。”哦，亚当，我想了解一下你的新工作，告诉我们进展如何？”给予回应，避免潜在的问题，有时你可以从不感兴趣的辩论中转移开。

When a question comes from a stranger, ignoring it and simply walking away may be the best response. Just because someone asks a question doesn‘‘t mean you have to answer it. After all, when a stranger criticizes your parenting, they are being downright rude and intrusive.

当一个陌生人提出质疑时，不管它，一走了之可能是最好的应对方式。因为某人问一个问题并不意味着你必须回答它。归根结底，当一个陌生人批评你的抚养方式时，这是粗鲁的冒犯。

A second method of responding is to inform. This is the method Joyce E. used first when confronted with the doctor who believed that breastfeeding a two-year-old was wrong. She offered the information that some mothers nurse a child longer than two years.

第二种方式就是给予信息。上面提到的Joyce E一开始用的就是这个方式，当她的医生告诉她母乳喂养一个两岁大的宝宝是错的时候，她回答说还有一些母亲给孩子喂奶的时间超过两年。

Informing can be very effective with someone who likes authority and references. If you can respond by saying that your baby‘‘s doctor recommends the choice you‘‘ve made or by referring to a book that documents the benefits of your approach, the questioning may stop. People may be more likely to believe an idea is valid if they see it in print. Even someone who appears on television may be given more credibility than you. Offering information also makes it clear that you have made your choices thoughtfully and it can pave the way to better understanding.

给予信息可能对那些偏爱权威或喜欢证据的人更有效。如果你说孩子的医生建议这样做或是把参考文献作为证明时，质疑将会停止。人们更倾向于相信出版物上面的观点。甚至有人出现在电视上证明此观点时，比你更有说服力。提供信息会让人觉得你的选择是经过深思熟虑的，同时也为更好的互相了解铺平了道路。

Humor can be a great tension reliever. Making fun of yourself or the situation may diffuse the criticism, and if you all get a good laugh, all the better. Joyce S., an LLL Leader in Vienna, Virginia, recalls a story she heard at one of her earliest LLL meetings. “The Leader‘‘s father-in-law questioned her about when she would wean her baby. Her response was ‘‘If his prom date has a problem with his nursing, he‘‘ll have to find another date.‘‘The father-in-law never asked the question again.”

幽默是一种很好的应对压力的方式。在充满批评的情况下自我解嘲或对假设的某个情境开开玩笑，这样会让大家都好过很多。Joyce.S是一名在弗吉尼亚州维也纳市的一名哺乳辅导，她复述了一个她在母乳会聚会上听到的故事。“一名母乳会哺乳辅导的公公问她打算什么时候断奶。她的回答是‘如果宝宝觉得吃奶和他舞会的约会有冲突的话，他自己会选择好日期的。’这次之后，她的公公再也没问过她关于断奶的问题。”

Humor works best when delivered gently, with a genuine smile. Sarcasm, while sometimes seeming funny, can cause hurt feelings. Poke fun at the situation, not at the people involved. A fourth method of responding is to acknowledge the other person’s perspective without agreeing, or to turn the question around to shift the focus. To acknowledge the other person‘‘s viewpoint, you can simply restate it as Pat G., of Herndon, Virginia did when her mother-in-law suggested Pat put her baby in a playpen at a family gathering “I know you think that its a mistake for us not to use a playpen. We just don‘‘t intend to get one, so let‘‘s agree to disagree, and not talk about it any more.” Pat adds that this incident was the first of several that led her mother-in-law to adopt the phrase, “Well, you know how Pat is.”

当你回答得十分温和并且面带微笑的时候，幽默能够发挥最大的作用。不过有时看起来挺好笑的讽刺却会导致别人有受伤的感觉。应当做到对事不对人。第四种回应的方法是承认对方观点的存在但不表示同意，或者是转移话题。在接受他人观点的时候你可以采取像来自弗吉尼亚州赫恩登市Pat G直接陈述的方式。当她的婆婆建议她在家庭聚会的时候把宝宝放在围栏中的时候，Pat G说“我知道你认为不用围栏对我们来说是不对的，不过我们只是不打算去买一个罢了，让我们接受彼此不同的观点，不要再讨论这件事情了。”Pat说这是第一次她婆婆开始接受她的建议，“你知道的，这就是Pat。”

Shifting the focus is a way to let the other person talk about his or her experiences. Inviting a grandmother to recall when her children were babies is a respectful way to let her offer her expertise without agreeing to take her advice. “What was it like when you started solids? Did you find that your babies took to it easily?”

把话题转换到让对方聊聊他或者她的经验。你可以让奶奶追忆一下她是如何养育她的孩子的，这是一种礼貌的让她传授经验的方式，但并不意味着你就要同意她的建议。“当你开始喂辅食的时候是什么情况呢？你是不是觉得宝宝很容易就接受了呢？”

When you empathize, you let the other person know that you understand how he or she feels and why. You are opening the door to further conversation. This type of response is also called reflective listening or empathetic listening. You can learn more about this method in the LLLI Human Relations Enrichment courses, which are often offered at LLL conferences, workshops, and seminars. To respond in this manner, it is necessary to drop your own agenda, that is, to set aside your defensiveness, and listen with the intent of understanding the other person. When you believe you understand how the other person is feeling and why, you can open the door to discussion by responding along these lines, “You‘‘re worried about Fiona not starting solids yet because you believe she‘‘s not getting enough to eat.” Responding empathetically will not cause the other person to drop the subject, but it will allow for constructive and respectful discussion.

当你和对方共情的时候，你要让对方知道你能够对他或者她感同身受，这样你就打开了继续沟通的那扇门。这种回应方式也被称作回应式的倾听或者共情式的倾听。在国际母乳会的人际关系提升课程中可以学到更多和这种方法相关的内容，这种方法在母乳会的会议、工作坊以及研讨会中常被提到。用这种方式回应，你必须摈弃你自己的成见，也就是放下防御心，带着理解对方的目的来倾听对方。当你认为你能够完全地理解对方的感受以及为什么对方会有这样的感受时，你就可以开始和对方讨论并沿着这样的方向来回应对方。例如“你认为Fiona吃不饱所以才会对她还不开始吃辅食才感到焦虑”。充满同理心的回应虽然无法使对方舍弃话题，但能让谈话更有建设性和彼此尊重。

Choosing a Response
选择一种回应

There is no one right response to a given criticism. A comfortable response for you will be based not only on your natural style, but also on who is criticizing you and the issue at hand. For example, you may feel comfortable ignoring a comment from a stranger but find it impossible to ignore a comment from your partner. Or, you may feel comfortable using humor with a friend but find you need to offer information to your parents.

恰当的回应批评的方式并不只有一种。合适的回应取决于你的天性以及批评的人是谁和什么样的事件。例如，你会发现忽视陌生人的评论很容易，但是却很难忽略来自你的伴侣的评论。再比如，你发现和朋友开开玩笑是很容易的，但是和你父母在一起则需要给予解释。

Recognizing the parenting choices that matter most to you can help you prepare to respond. One way to sort them out is to draw a pyramid on paper and divide it into three horizontal sections. In the bottom section, write the issues or decisions that you hold most dear. In the top section, list those issues on which you feel you could compromise. In the middle, list the issues that don‘‘t belong in either of the other two sections.

明白什么样的养育方式对你来说是最重要的，这样能够很好地帮助你做好回应的准备。有一种把它们归类的方法是在纸上画出一个金字塔，并横向的分成三个部分。最底部写上你认为最应该坚持的事情或者决定。最顶端的部分列出你认为你可以妥协的问题。中间部分写出不属于顶部和底部这两部分的内容。

You can use the same technique to sort out your reactions to people in your life. The foundation is for people whose approval or disapproval affects you the most. The top section is for people whose opinions don‘‘t affect you much one way or the other. The middle section is for everyone else.

你可以用同样的技巧把你生活中遇到的需要回应他人的事情来做个分类。底端部分是那些他们的决定对你影响最大的人。顶端部分是他们的意见对你来说没有很大的影响的人。中间部分就是其余的人。

Another way to visualize your options is to transfer the names and issues you‘‘ve listed onto a grid, listing people across the top and issues down the left side. In each box, you can write which of the five response methods you‘‘d like to offer. You may find that some boxes represent unlikely situations. For example, your husband is unlikely to criticize your baby‘‘s sleeping arrangement if he was the one who suggested it, so you know you won’t need a strategy for that situation. In the boxes that represent likely situations, you can write ideas for ways to respond.

还有一种做选择的方式是把你列出来的人名或者事项填在横纵格子里，把人物写在顶部，事项写在左侧。在每个格子里你可以写下5种你准备好的应对方法。你会发现一些格子会出现不可能的情况。比如，你的丈夫如果建议了关于宝宝睡眠的安排的话那么他就不可能批评你基于他的建议的安排，所以你知道你不需要考虑如何应对这种情况，只需要在那些可能出现的情况的格子里，写出你的应对方法。

Writing down your ideas can give you an eye-opening look at which combinations of topics and sources are the most difficult to handle. It may help to work first on the situation that bothers you the most. If the most troublesome situation improves, you may find that other things don‘‘t bother you as much. Or you may prefer to practice new skills on a more neutral issue. Trying out a new skill on an issue that is less upsetting may give you valuable practice and help build your confidence. The best defense is a good offense. What makes a parent vulnerable to criticism or questioning? Sometimes, there really is no criticism; we are actually misinterpreting the speaker‘‘s words or motives. Anne Cassidy, in her book Parents Who Think Too Much, writes that the uncertainty so many parents feel can lead to defensiveness. “We are, all of us, casting about for a new way to raise kids, and we‘‘re looking to other parents for guidance. But what may be observation can feel a lot like judgment if we don‘‘t know what‘‘s behind that long stare.”

把你的想法写下来能够让你用更开阔的角度去发现哪种问题及其来源的组合是最难以应付的。这也许能帮助你优先解决最令你烦恼的问题。如果最难的问题有所改善了，也许你会发现其他问题也变得没那么烦了。你可以开始尝试用新的技巧来解决一些中立的问题。在一些没那么烦恼的事情上试试新的解决方法可能会让你获得更有价值的经验同时也共容易建立起自己的信心。最好的防守就是进攻。是什么让家长容易受到批评或者质疑？有些时候，那些并不是真正的批评，实际上是我们曲解了对方的言语或者动机。《想得太多的家长们》一书的作者Anne Cassidy在书中提到，不少家长在感受到不确定性的时候就会采取防备。“我们都是这样的，当我们转变到一种新的方法来养育孩子的时候，我们总会向其他的父母征求指导意见。但是当我们并不知道那些关注背后的含义的时候，我们总是把这种关注理解为一种评判。”

It is possible that a mother invites criticism when she is uncertain about a parenting decision, perhaps because what she has been trying hasn‘‘t worked as well as she would have liked. Barbara C. of Fairfax, Virginia says “I avoided a lot of criticism by presenting myself as a confident parent. I‘‘ve found that when I am not feeling tenuous or conflicted- or at least not appearing that way- others are less likely to question or criticize me.”

一个妈妈使用一种她不确定的育儿方法时可能会招致批评，也许只是因为她尝试的方法并没有达到她预期的效果。来自弗吉尼亚州，费尔法克斯的Barbara C说：“作为自信的父母，我避免了许多的批评。我发现当我一点也不脆弱或者矛盾，至少不要表现出这个样子时，他人就更少质疑或者批评我。”

Confidence is contagious. When we believe in our parenting choices, we express ourselves with confidence. Expressing confidence can be the best way to prevent unwanted criticism and questioning.
自信是会传递的。当我们信任我们选择的养育方法，我们就会传达出我们的自信。展现自信是避免批评和质疑的最好方法。

And what about my sister-in-law? It has been eight years since our conversation on the beach. She has started a family and she began attending LLL meetings during her pregnancy. When her baby turned one, she wrote to tell me she was excited that they had graduated to toddler meetings. Imagine that, my sister-in-law is happily nursing a toddler! I can‘‘t help feeling that my confident answer to her question and my own happy breastfeeding relationship had a big impact on her. I feel a special pleasure that my sister-in-law and I have the joys of breastfeeding in common.

那么我的小姑子又怎么样了呢？自从上次我们在海边的对话已经过去八年了。她已经组建了一个家庭，而且在怀孕期间也参加了母乳会的会议。当她的宝宝一岁的时候，她写信告诉我他们晋级到学步儿聚会了。想想看，我的小姑子正快乐地给学步儿哺乳！我不禁认为，当年我对她的问题给予的自信回答以及我愉快的母乳喂养经历给了她多么大的影响。对于我的小姑子能够感受到和我一样的母乳喂养的乐趣，我感到特别的高兴。

For more information

Robinson, Lesley. How Families Find Support. NEW BEGINNINGS. May/June 1993.

Frequently Asked Question on the LLLI Web site. “How Do I Respond to and Avoid Criticism about Breastfeeding?”

Human Relations Enrichment Workbook

人际关系提升手册

Five Methods of Responding

五种回应的方法

母乳的优越性和人工代乳品的危害被世界卫生组织，各健康保健协会和各国政府相关机构广泛认可。世界卫生组织（WHO）建议母亲纯母乳喂养她们的孩子至少6个月，并持续母乳喂养到两岁以上。母乳为婴儿，包括早产儿和有疾病的新生儿提供最佳的营养和保护。在地震发生后，母乳喂养更具有拯救生命的意义。婴儿的免疫系统要到大约两岁才能完全成熟。母乳含有充足的抗感染因子，能够抵抗病毒，细菌和肠道寄生虫。母乳喂养降低了婴儿呼吸系统的感染，耳朵感染，肺炎，腹泻和泌尿系统感染。母乳中还含有的某些因子能增加婴儿对小儿麻痹症，破伤风，白喉和流行性感冒的免疫反应。

在各种传染病爆发可能性很大，已经不能保证洁净的水的供应和人工哺喂器具不能完全清洁及消毒的灾后特殊情况下，人工喂养的危险性是非常高的。此时，母乳喂养除了有其一贯的益处，更是保护婴儿和母亲的唯一喂养方式。

我们希望：
哺乳妈妈坚持母乳喂养。
拥抱你可贵的孩子，将最珍贵最洁净最有营养的母乳给与你的孩子。这将使你的孩子顺利度过灾后的危机时期，使你的孩子不但得到身体健康上的保护，更有心理情感上的安慰。

请不要突然中断哺乳。因为这会使你的孩子得各种传染病，尤其是腹泻的可能性大大增加。此外，你因此患上乳腺炎的可能性也会急剧增加。

如果你的奶水有所减少，请不要担心，只要让你的孩子频繁的吸吮，你的乳汁分泌量会很快上升。请放心，科学研究结果表明即使是营养不良的母亲所产出来的奶也是合格的。当然，请照顾好你自己，尽可能的喝充足的水，并保证每日热量的摄入。

灾后物资发放人员及志愿者：
请鼓励能哺乳的妈妈母乳喂养她们的婴儿。

将奶粉发给失去母亲或者母亲因受伤而不能哺乳的婴儿。并告知喂养者，注意哺喂器具的清洗消毒。
如果有哺乳的妈妈失去了她的孩子，如果有可能，请让她来给那些失去妈妈的婴儿哺乳，母乳喂养能使得那些失去孩子的妈妈得到心理上的安慰，也能使那些婴儿得到妈妈般的关爱。

医疗救护人员
请鼓励产妇自然阴道分娩。

无论采用何种分娩方式，请让婴儿早进行皮肤对皮肤的接触并且早吸吮。

初乳是非常珍贵的，里面含有非常高浓度的各种抗体。它的量不多，但即使是几滴，也是婴儿的很好一餐。请鼓励妈妈尽快地并且频繁地给新生儿哺乳。

一般情况下，大量的乳汁将在产后3-4天产出。在这之前，初乳完全能满足婴儿的需要。请不要给孩子添加配方奶使用人工奶嘴。这会使婴儿产生乳头错觉，并使妈妈产奶能力下降，从而降低产奶量，造成今后的母乳喂养困难。这对贫困地区的母婴今后的生活也有很大的影响。

如有任何母乳喂养方面的问题，请与国际母乳会的哺乳辅导联系。我们国际母乳会希望能够给受灾的妈妈们提供母乳喂养方面的全力支持。

目录

一.支持特殊危急下的母乳哺育与再度泌乳

二.当地震发生时-如何支持母乳喂哺

    –  致地震灾后进行母乳喂养的母亲们

    –  致灾害救援相关人员

三.   一位美国妈妈在飓风卡特里娜灾害中母乳喂养的故事

四.   最初几周的母乳喂养 —给新生命的最好礼物

五.   国际母乳会简介

一.   支持特殊危急情况下的母乳哺育与再度泌乳

当像中国四川所发生大地震危急情况发生时，哺乳可以拯救生命！

哺乳可以保护宝宝免于不洁水源的疾病威胁，特别在灾难过后所易好发的呼吸道及肠胃道的感染。

在危急状况下的哺乳基本上与一般时候无异，当宝宝需要时就继续哺喂她，不仅维持了妈妈的奶量也提供了宝宝熟悉的安全感。妈妈喂奶时体内所释放的赫尔蒙，给妈妈与宝宝在压力焦虑下提供了慰藉。

另外，进行母乳喂养的母亲如果摄取的热量严重不足，会导致母乳分泌减少。希望给与那些因精神压力而母乳减少的母亲们精神上的支持。

和虚弱的孩子一样，一定要考虑到”那些哺乳中的母亲们需要十分充足的食物”。为了使母乳喂养的母亲安心哺乳，请在援助和报导时给与充分的考虑。

如果灾难发生在产后五天内

如果灾难发生在产后五天内，尽快在每2-3小时就让妈妈哺喂宝宝。奶水87%是水分，妈妈需要多一点点的液体摄取。但摄取太多液体，除增加妈妈的不舒服并无助于增加奶量，故不建议。

     特殊危急情况下的重新泌乳

如果宝宝已经4-6个月大，妈妈可以借着每两小时让宝宝吮乳房或挤奶来启动重新泌乳；通常每两小时借着宝宝吸吮与挤奶刺激乳房后，每天可多产生约30cc，一星期后可达210cc ，一个月后可以完全供应需求，除非有其它因素影响。

在特殊危急的情况下，让妈妈了解可以用停止泌乳的乳房安抚小孩，也可以藉此重新启动泌乳，以每天增加泌乳30cc，而每天减少30cc的配方奶的方式 ，并注意尿量确定宝宝得到足够的奶量 ，在连尿布来源都有困难的情况下要以尿布量来评估奶量有实际上的困难。

世界卫生组织(WHO)建议完全哺乳6个月，2005世界哺乳联盟(WABA)的单张， LLLI的 Catalog #1721， 也提到6-8个月的哺乳宝宝70%的能量来源来自母乳， 9-11个月降至55%， 12-23个月大约占40%。 国际母乳会的哺乳辅导都了解在一个压力下的情况， 哺乳宝宝与学步儿都会有更多的吸吮需求，这也是个很正常的现象。

更多哺乳信息请上国际母乳会中国中文网站 http://129.226.149.214 或 www.lalecheleague.org/emergency.html

 二.   当地震发生时-如何支持母乳哺喂

(以下资料翻译来源自Guidelines for Breastfeeding Counselors “Supporting Mothers and Children Under the Stress of Natural Disasters”由 LLL-Japan, JALC (Japanese Association of Lactation Consultants) and BSN Japan (Breastfeeding Support Network of Japan) 在October 23, 2004.发生日本新宿大地震(Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake)后,共同制定出版.)

致地震灾后进行母乳喂养的母亲们

请继续坚持用母乳喂养您的宝宝

在遭遇突如其来的灾害时，坚持用母乳喂养您的宝宝尤为重要。母乳喂养能拯救宝宝的生命。因为母乳能给与宝宝完全的营养。更重要的是，母乳中含有的免疫抗体能使宝宝免予遭受灾害后可能发生的腹泻或呼吸道感染。此外，在水质不安全且缺乏燃料无法将水煮沸的情况下，用人工喂养可能会提高宝宝发生营养不良、疾病甚至死亡的危险。坚持用母乳喂养能使母亲和宝宝都获得身心的安慰。

因为精神压力而断奶的情况并不常见！

由于极度的精神压力和恐惧感，母乳分泌可能会减少，但那只是暂时的现象。用母乳喂养能使母亲和宝宝的精神安定下来，并促使母体分泌缓和精神紧张的荷尔蒙。这在医学上已不断得到有力的证明。即使母乳分泌暂时减少，只要在宝宝每次想喝奶时，尽量让他吸奶就有可能使母乳恢复分泌。

即使母亲的营养状况不良，母乳中也含有完全的营养成分。

母乳中不论何时都具备完全的营养成分。只有当母亲严重营养不良时，母乳分泌量才会减少。因此，我们必须在灾后尽量提供那些母乳喂养的母亲们得到充足的营养来源。与其配给人工奶粉，不如优先确保母亲们的食物和饮料。而母亲们也要尽量放松自己的身体，充分饮食并摄取足够的水分，来维持母乳的分泌。

宝宝拉肚子也能继续母乳喂养！

母乳中含有各种免疫抗体。对那些重度腹泻用母乳喂养的宝宝，如果发生脱水的情况，必须及时接受治疗。但即使如此也不应该减少或停止母乳喂养。灾害发生后经常会有水质污染的情况，因此奶瓶和奶嘴发生污染的可能也很大，必须十分小心。而那些母乳喂养的宝宝们是不需要使用奶嘴的。

已经停止喂奶的母亲们也能重新开始泌乳!

尽量采取恢复母乳喂养的方法，母亲们越有机会重新开始母乳喂养。恢复母乳喂养能够在非常时期使宝宝获得挽救生命的宝贵的营养和免疫抗体。以前一直采用混合喂养的母亲们也可以增加哺乳的次数。只要让宝宝多吮吸乳房，就有可能增加母乳的分泌。

如果怀疑自己的母乳不够，请先确认一下宝宝的大小便情况。

足月出生的健康的宝宝，一般出生后三四天起一天要小便6~8次（相当于5~6枚纸尿片）。出生后至6~8周时每天大约有3~5次大便。请尽量满足宝宝吮吸母亲乳房的欲望。新生儿一般每日要喝8~12次奶，甚至更多。每次当宝宝想喝奶时就给他喂母乳，只要宝宝肤色健康手脚活动自如，精灵活泼，且大小便正常就没有问题。

(非常感谢我们的在第一线的志愿者，你们的帮助改变了这个世界。你们或许也会看到我们的这个小册子，希望以下的信息对你们有帮助。)

致灾害救援相关人员

母乳对于母乳喂养的孩子来说是第一需要，请支持母乳育儿，让婴儿们吃到母乳！

对于母乳喂养的婴儿来说，母乳比什么都重要。恳请支持正在哺乳的母亲们，让她们可以安心的坚持哺乳。

对于母乳喂养的婴儿来说，母乳比什么都重要。即便遭遇了地震这样的重大灾害时这一点也不会改变。母乳是婴儿最优质的食物，为了让母亲们可以安心继续哺乳，在以下几方面提供援助比较有效。

在避难所

确保一个空间可以让有婴儿的母亲们在一起哺乳，互相鼓励。

如果无法为哺乳的母亲提供特别的空间，也请借给有需要的母亲们大块的围巾或者布，让她们可以遮挡身体。

     关于救援物资

对于母乳喂养中的母亲，不轻易建议她们使用奶粉，而是要向她们宣传灾害当中喂母乳的好处。

分发食物时，考虑到哺乳中母亲的需要，给她们提供更为充足的食物。

哺乳的母亲可能除了正在吃奶的婴儿外，还有别的孩子。请特别为他们考虑，让母亲得到更好的营养和休息。

 母乳育儿的优点

 对于婴儿

母乳提供给婴儿完美的营养。并且母乳中的抗体可以帮助婴儿抵抗灾害时期容易流行的痢疾和呼吸道传染病。另外，在没有安全的水和烧水的燃料的地方使用奶粉，会增加婴儿患营养不良，生病甚至死亡的机率。坚持母乳育儿，可以给母亲和婴儿带来安慰，改善心境。

  对于母亲

在地震灾害等非常时期，给婴儿哺乳的时间对于母亲也是放松的时间，能让母亲的心灵得到安慰和支持。并且能给孩子提供母乳，不必担心孩子的食物问题，母亲的心情也会放松。

对于哺乳期母亲和婴儿该提供的支持

哺乳中母亲摄入的热量如果极端不足，会造成母乳分泌减少。对因为焦虑情绪造成奶量减少的母亲，请提供精神方面支持。如果母乳不足需要奶粉喂养，就会造成避难当中珍贵的水，燃料，消毒材料方面的更大的消耗。请把奶粉切实的提供给真正需要奶粉的婴儿。

在纷争和灾害频发的国家进行支持活动的国际儿童基金会（UNICEF）和世界卫生组织（WHO）发表的《关于乳幼儿营养的世界运动战略》中，针对紧急情况下的乳幼儿营养问题，主要提示了以下几点：

乳幼儿在自然或者人为引起的灾害时，是最为脆弱的牺牲者。母乳的中断以及不适当的辅食添加，会增加营养不良，疾病和死亡的风险。比如在难民帐篷中无差别的发放母乳代用品（比如奶粉和奶瓶），可能会造成母乳育儿的过早和不适当的中止。对于大多数乳幼儿来说，必须把帮助的重点放在母乳育儿的保护，推进，支持，以及在适当的时期安全并且适当的添加辅食。当然也有一小部分婴儿必须使用奶粉喂养，需要提供合适的母乳代用品。这些应该作为日常使用的食品和药品的一部分进行调度，分配并且安全的使用。

三. 一位美国妈妈在飓风卡特里娜灾害中母乳喂养的故事

翻译自国际母乳会网站 http://www.llli.org/NB/NBMayJun06p114.html

有时候母乳喂养并不仅仅是温暖的拥抱和眼神的交流。 在某些时刻，哺乳是关于生存，关系到您的孩子是否能活着看到第一个生日的到来。 这句话可能对某些人来说太过了，但是对于飓风卡特里娜的幸存者的我们，这是事实。 我也提醒人们，我的故事是很令人伤心的。

在2005年8月27日，我叫醒我的孩子准备参加在密西西比州Biloxi举行的世界母乳喂养的庆祝会。 和往常一样，我边看新闻边给孩子们，三岁的Betsy和Aisling，差不多六个月，穿戴衣服和吃早饭。而我从新闻里得知飓风卡特里娜正从墨西哥湾向着我在密西西比，Pass Christian的家而来，把我给吓坏了。 我知道我们必须撤离。 我们的家在洪水区，虽然我们从来未被水淹过，但我们一旦遇到飓风登陆就会撤离。在WBW活动期间和午餐的时候，飓风成为了交谈的主要话题。 虽然我们都很担心，但我们从来没有想到过那会是那么的糟糕。

次日，我的丈夫和我把我们的孩子、一些换洗衣物和全家衣物装进了我们的小面包车里。 我的父母则与我的妹妹，妹夫和他们十个月大的孩子一起，跟着我们向100英里外的亲戚家驶去。 在8月29日，我们在那里等待飓风的到来。 既便是在远离海岸的内地，我们还是看到院子里的树被风刮倒。我们一直看着新闻直到断电。 第二天早晨，我们缓慢而痛苦的驶回Pass Christian，想看看我们的家情况如何，还有什么剩下的。 回程是困难的，因为主要公路只对急救车辆开放，我们必须走偏僻的乡间小路。我们必须常常地停车，等待人们将横倒在路上的树锯开。在等待的时候，我就喂Aislin，并安慰被车窗外的景象吓坏的Betsy。我们还要注意避开断落的电线，靠近海岸的时候，我们还必须绕路，因为经常会有倒塌的房子或汽车堆在路上。 当我们进入了我们居住的小区时，我们在周围找了好久才找到一条进去的路。 小区的入口被一栋人家的房子堵住了，这栋房子整个的从地基上给冲到了路上。 咋一看，我们家的周围似乎没有太严重的损坏，虽然路上都是泥泞和残骸，但是大多数的房子的屋顶仍然完好。

然而，当我们靠近时，我们还是看到了触目惊心的事： 一艘小船停在了车道上， 家里的物品倒了在屋顶上，汽车停在平时不应该停的地方。 当我们走进我们家的车道，我屏住了呼息。 我丈夫的皮卡从原先停的地方向左移了三英尺，我们家的前门被洪水给冲走了。很明显，水一直漫过了屋顶，天花板塌了，整个房子只剩下了架子。等我妹妹过来的时候，我还在给仍然待在车里的女儿解释说我们家的房子破了要修。我们两个抱头痛哭，我安慰妹妹说一切都会好起来的，“反正我正好不喜欢卫生间的墙纸，正好换了。 ” 噢， ” 她说， ” 你也不喜欢卫生间吗？” 我们开始自嘲起来，这时我看见了我的邻居， Geno，跑过了街道。

她失声痛哭，我很难弄明白怎么个情况。几分钟后，我才搞明白她到底在说什么:她下班后发现她丈夫和三岁的儿子在家中溺水。我们没有办法求救，因为我们的手机失灵了。Geno把她儿子裹在毛巾里，我们出去求救，但直到第二天才有救护人员到达。

8月31日，我们离开了我们父母那受损较轻得家，回到我们的房子想设法抢救些有用的东西。 我把2个孩子留给我的母亲照顾二个小时，我很喜欢汽车里的空调，至少我不用忍受95度的炎热天气。 当我们到家的时候，发现我们78岁的邻居已经3天3夜滴水未进了。他躲在他家的2楼，在五英尺的水里面泡了12个小时。 我们给了他随身的食物和水，并且劝说他搬离已进损毁的房子住进避难所。 我还告诉验尸官哪些房子需要去检查是否有遇难者，因为我知道谁留了下来，谁撤离了。 我看到我的5个朋友和邻居被装在运尸袋里从他们的家搬到卡车的后面，从那时起，我丈夫和我决定带着孩子们去田纳西州Nashville的家。我们开着只有半缸汽油的车出发了，我们不知道那里可以加到油。最后我们终于在亚拉巴马州加到了油，次日抵达Nashville。我们停留了10天直到水和电恢复供应。

究竟母乳喂养在这个过程中有何重要性呢？首先，它帮助我们生存。我的孩子在闷热的环境里没有脱水。我不需要担心找不到水冲奶粉。晚上，我们睡在院子里的简易帐篷里，小孩的节奏性吮吸让我心情平静。在那段时间，我还决定暂时给三岁的孩子也母乳喂养，这样我们大家都可以分享那安逸的感觉。后来，我国际母乳会的朋友向我讲了他们的故事，正和我自己所经历的一样。一名妇女甚至还喂养了2个不是她自己的孩子，因为他们的母亲无法在风暴过后的第一天找到奶粉。还有什么能比母乳喂养能做得更好呢？

我们从Nashville回来了并且重新开始了我们的生活，我们发现全国各地国际母乳会伸出了援助之手。遭受了巨大损失的我们收到了食物、衣物、鞋子、药品、玩具，甚至于婴儿推车、婴儿汽车座位和小婴儿床。我庆幸做出了母乳喂养的决定和参加了国际母乳会。 要不然情况只怕会更糟。谢谢，我的姐妹们。谢谢你们的想法、祷告和帮助。

四. 最初几周的母乳喂养  —国际母乳会哺乳辅导:Melanie Ham 和 任钰雯

对于在地震灾难中出生的宝宝，妈妈的乳汁是迎接他们的最不能替代的礼物。我们深深的理解，妈妈们在经历的灾难和生育，一定感到生命的脆弱与可贵。用你的乳汁来欢迎你的宝宝，那种幸福会帮助妈妈治愈伤痛。

下面的信息是特别给新妈妈的。

很久以前人们就知道母乳喂养所带来的妈妈和宝宝之间那种独特的亲密接触是非常令人舒心和愉快的。直到近些年来，我们才开始理解了母乳喂养对于妈妈和新生宝宝的健康有着非常重要的意义。当一个妈妈哺乳时，她是在给宝宝提供最好的婴儿食品。对宝宝来说，母乳喂养降低了他们成长过程中便秘，过敏，肥胖，耳朵感染和其它很多疾病发生的可能性。母乳喂养的宝宝通常更健康，因此也更快乐。母乳喂养也给妈妈很多的健康益处。一个给与她宝宝母乳的妈妈得骨质疏松症，贫血，乳房和生殖系统癌症的危险性比非母乳喂养的妈妈低。母乳喂养同时也帮助妈妈消耗额外的热量。

母乳喂养的益处不仅仅在身体健康上，还能提供心理上的健康益处。妈妈哺育乳汁，这同时也使得婴儿得到足够的舒适感和安全感。绝大部分母乳喂养的宝宝较少哭泣，因为他们被搂抱得较多。母乳喂养是妈妈和宝宝之间交流的一种不可比拟的方式。宝宝吸吮时，她通过妈妈的皮肤，气味，乳汁的味道来了解妈妈，她看着妈妈的眼睛，听着妈妈温柔的声音。同时妈妈可以把她的爱传递给宝宝，告诉宝宝，他是被爱着的，是安全的，是受保护的。这种如此贴近和亲密的接触，让妈妈能更快更准确的感受到她那娇小柔弱新生命的感觉和需要。这对于妈妈和宝宝来说，是多么写意的感受啊！母乳喂养是一种需要学习的技巧。在过去，妇女从其它的妈妈们那里学习如何母乳喂养。如今，一个新妈妈在她的成长过程中可能从没见到过一次母乳喂养。所以，当自己的宝宝出生时，新妈妈很有可能没有母乳喂养的知识和技能。当然，就是有经验的妈妈所了解的也只是这其中的一部分。因为宝宝也影响母乳喂养的进行。有的宝宝非常容易地就接受母乳喂养，而有些就需要时间，练习和爱的鼓励。
在最初的几天

尽量早的给宝宝哺乳—对于一个新妈妈来说，宝宝出生后立即进行母乳喂养是一个非常好的开始，因为那时是宝宝的吸吮反射最强烈。大部分宝宝在出生后的一小时内就已经准备好甚至期待吸吮妈妈的乳房。这也给妈妈提供与宝宝亲密接触的机会，使得妈妈能凝视宝宝的眼睛并感觉婴儿柔软的皮肤，从而建立了紧密的母婴联结。

初乳能满足宝宝最初几天的需要—怀孕期，孕妇的乳房就已经开始产生初乳，一种被称为如黄金般珍贵(gold milk)的乳汁。它是一种高度浓缩的食物，在最初几天里，初乳能满足宝宝的所有的营养需要。因为初乳含有非常多来自母亲的保护性抗体，世界卫生组织把初乳称为“宝宝的第一次免疫接种”。它还含有很多对中枢神经系统及视网膜有重要意义的物质DHA和AA。母乳喂养的宝宝语言能力更强，智商更高，这或许是原因之一。

在最初的几天里需要频繁哺乳—每个宝宝的吃奶习惯天生就不同。在最初的几天里，有的喜欢在很短的时间里吃好几次奶，有的则喜欢固定每隔几小时吃一次奶，然后睡几小时，而有的宝宝根本没有吃奶的兴趣，只是想要睡觉。尽管宝宝的吃奶习惯各有不同，但大部分新生儿每24小时需要哺乳8-12次。请新妈妈根据自己宝宝的特点，除响应宝宝的需求外, 并注意宝宝是否摄取足够的奶水。如果宝宝只是想睡觉而对吃奶没有兴趣的话，请轻轻的叫醒宝宝，试着给他哺乳。另外，宝宝哭闹的话，也可以试着用母乳喂养的方法来安抚。在出生前，宝宝可是从来没有饥饿的感觉的。而出生后，新生儿的胃是如此之小，以至于他很快就会感到饿尽管5分钟前你才喂过。你可以马上就给他哺乳。这点是与奶瓶喂养的宝宝十分不同，而且，母乳喂养也满足了宝宝对舒适和亲密的需求。这使得妈妈与宝宝在最初的日子建立了紧密爱的连结。为了建立一个充足的母乳量，在最初的几个星期，请新妈妈尽量频繁的响应宝宝对吸吮的需求给新生宝宝哺乳，以建立足够的奶量。

避免使用奶瓶和奶嘴。为了使新妈妈建立足够的乳汁供应，极为重要的一点就是不要给宝宝奶嘴或奶瓶。母体所能产生的乳量，是根据宝宝所需要的量来调节的，宝宝有效率吸吮妈妈的乳房越多，那么妈妈的乳汁就会产生更多。如果宝宝使用了奶瓶，喝了配方奶，那么喂饱了的宝宝就会对妈妈的乳房失去兴趣。如果宝宝不吸吮母乳，在这种情况下，母体会认为宝宝不需要那么多的奶，那母乳量就会渐渐减少。另外，使用过奶嘴和奶瓶也会阻碍宝宝学会如何正确的吸吮妈妈的乳房。这是因为宝宝吸奶瓶和吸吮乳房时，嘴巴的张开大小与舌头使用的方式是不同的。当提供了奶嘴或奶瓶，那么宝宝就开始被训练成从奶瓶里吃奶，从而失去吸吮乳房的能力。

练习正确的喂奶姿势和吸吮—如果宝宝吸吮得很好，那么妈妈刚开始的疼痛将渐渐改善。当然这是需要练习的，因为宝宝也必须学习如何吃母乳。如果宝宝吸吮时妈妈感到疼痛或不适，那么不要继续下去。应该把宝宝的嘴从妈妈的乳房上移开，并重新试一次以确保宝宝正确吸吮。也许宝宝的嘴应该张的再大一些，也许妈妈应该把宝宝抱得更靠近一些。正确吸吮不仅可以预防妈妈的乳头酸痛，更能确保宝宝有效的吸到乳汁并且刺激妈妈建立足够的母乳量。很多妈妈责怪疼痛使她们不原意继续哺乳的原因。所以请妈妈们一定要鼓励宝宝正确的吸吮。如果妈妈自己不能解决疼痛问题，那么可以向其它在母乳喂养方面很有经验的人士寻求帮助。宝宝正确的吸吮的话，那么设定一个吃奶的时间限制是没有必要的。让宝宝在一个乳房上吸吮直到他自己停止了或是睡着了。有时候妈妈抱起后轻拍宝宝的后背，宝宝有可能会再吃一点奶。这时可以让宝宝吸吮另一侧乳房。如果宝宝在后来这一侧乳房上只吃了一点点，那么下次喂奶，就从这一侧开始。

 如何知道宝宝的奶吃够了

你的宝宝很可能在出生后的第一两天只湿一至两片尿布，但第三至四天开始，尿湿的次数便会增加，这时宝宝每天最少应有六至八片很湿的尿布(五至六片纸尿片)。

在出生后的第一二天，你的宝宝会排出墨绿色柏油状的胎粪，第三天后，宝宝每天的大便次数将会增加至最少二至五次。

在出生后的第三至四天，宝宝的体重会有所下降，甚至失掉出生时体重的百分之七，但在产后第三至四天当你的乳量逐渐增加时，你可预料宝宝的体重将每周增加最少四至八安士 (113至227千克)，或每月最少一磅 (454千克)，但切记量度体重增加时，必须从最轻的体重算起 (即第三或四天时的体重)，而非出生时的体重。

宝宝的吃奶次数应很频密，最少一个半至三小时一次，平均每天应有八至十二次。

宝宝应看起来很健康，有良好的肤色，并且肌肤有结实的质感，宝宝亦应长胖，身长及头围有增长， 而且也应该表现得精灵活泼。

对于小婴儿来讲，母乳是最为重要的。但对于大一些的孩子，比如两三岁或者更大，母乳喂养仍旧意义非凡。

在地震灾害时，母乳不但给他们营养，更给与他们心理上的安慰和满足。所以在这个时候，给孩子断奶或者使用代乳品都是不合适的。国际卫生组织(WHO)，联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)和国际母乳会(LLL)都呼吁全世界的妈妈母乳喂养至少要到孩子两岁。两岁以上的孩子仍旧可以继续母乳喂养，直到孩子自然离乳。

国际母乳会简介

国际母乳会由七位女士于1956年建立，她们致力于使母乳喂养更容易，并让母亲和孩子都从中获益。该组织主要以对个人进行帮助的方式，给那些希望给她们的孩子进行母乳喂养的母亲提供数据信息和鼓励。

国际母乳会活跃于世界65个国家和地区。每个月，一个由6700名以上通过官方认可的哺乳辅导组成的联络网以志愿的原则接触20万位以上的母亲。国际母乳会是一个非政府组织，为联合国儿童基金会提供咨询，与世界卫生组织保持官方联系，已于美国国际开发署注册为私营志愿组织，是通过官方认可的美国健康妈妈健康宝宝联盟的成员之一，是儿童生存协作与资源团体的成员之一，是母乳喂养行动世界联盟的创始成员之一。

我们的任务：帮助世界范围内的母亲，通过“母亲对母亲”的帮助支持、鼓励、信息提供和培训进行母乳喂养。促进人们更好地认识母乳喂养是孩子和母亲健康成长与发展的一个重要因素。

母亲对母亲：志愿哺乳辅导是有经验的母乳喂养者，她们完成了委任的计划，熟悉母乳喂养的管理技巧和当前的相关研究。她们经由每月聚会与电话协助提供母亲们实用的信息与精神上的支持。

Personal grooming while breastfeeding: What are the effects of hair coloring and perms? 母乳妈妈可以染发和烫发吗?

According to the BREASTFEEDING ANSWER BOOK, published by La Leche League International, no evidence exists that the nursing mother‘‘s use of hair-care products, such as hair dyes and permanents, has any effect on her breastfeeding baby. When a mother uses hair-care products, some of the chemicals will be absorbed through her skin. If her scalp is healthy and intact, less will be absorbed than if the skin on her scalp is scratched or abraded.

根据国际母乳会出版的《母乳喂养问答全书》(此书目前没有中文版）一书中所指出的，没有证据表明，母乳妈妈使用护发产品，比如染发烫发产品，对其母乳喂养的婴儿有任何影响。当妈妈使用护发产品时，一些化学物质会通过皮肤吸收。在妈妈的头皮健康、无任何损伤的情况下，与头皮划伤或擦伤的情况相比，化学物质通过皮肤吸收得较少。

（涵宝翻译，Daisy审稿）

Michaelene Gerster Trocola

Illinois USA

From: NEW BEGINNINGS, Vol. 22 No. 6, November-December 2005, pp. 238-243

The days after birth involve a dance of sorts. Mother and baby take turns leading and following while both adjust to the rhythm of new life. As one day slips into the next, a routine is established. The world doesn‘‘t slow down for the breastfeeding dyad, however. After the early weeks have passed and mother resumes normal activities, including social obligations, work, errands, and appointments, breastfeeding in public may or may not present itself as a challenge.

宝宝出生后的日子演变成一种生活的舞步。妈妈和宝宝轮流引导和跟随对方以使双方都能适应新的生活节奏。随着日子一天天继续，生活的规律逐渐建立起来。但是时间是不会因为母乳的妈妈和宝宝而放慢脚步的。最初的几个星期过后，妈妈要恢复正常的活动，包括社会义务，工作，差旅和约会，对有些妈妈来说在公共场合的母乳喂养或许会成为一项挑战，而有些则不会。

Author Katie Allison Granju writes, “Surveys have revealed that far too many women are uncomfortable at the thought of nursing their baby in public and that this discomfort is a common cause for disruption of the breastfeeding relationship” (Granju 1999). Mothers who are uncertain about breastfeeding in public can be reassured by the fact that it is not illegal in any state in the US (see “Breastfeeding and the Law” on page 240).

作家Katie Allison Granju这样写到：“调查显示有太多的妇女在公共场合哺育她们的宝宝时会感觉到不舒服，而这种不舒服的感觉是影响母乳喂养的最常见的原因”（Granju1999）. 不确定是否可以在公共场合哺乳的妈妈们可以放心，事实上，无论在美国的哪一个州，公共场合哺乳都是不违法的。（详见240页的“母乳喂养和相关法律”）

In the presence of others, even if it isn‘‘t a public setting, some mothers may feel the need to explain their parenting choices or may wonder, “What do people think when I nurse in front of them?” Regardless of what people think or how they react, the benefits reaped from human milk remain the same. Breastfeeding boosts babies‘‘ immune systems, protects against common diseases (even some cancers), saves lives by preventing illness or decreasing symptoms, and may even have a protective effect against Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

在与他人一起的时候，哪怕不是在公共场合，一些妈妈们也觉得需要为她们选择的养育方法而作出解释，或者会疑虑“我在他人面前哺乳，他们会怎么想？”不管人们怎么想或者做出什么反应，母乳对宝宝的益处是毋庸质疑的。母乳可以强健宝宝的免疫系统，抵御一些常见疾病（甚至某些癌症），通过抵抗疾病或减轻症状来挽救生命，甚至对新生儿猝死综合症也有防护的效果。

Cultural Attitudes

文化倾向

Many cultures don‘‘t think twice about seeing a mother breastfeed her baby. As cultural anthropologist Katherine Dettwyler states:

很多文化都认为母亲哺育孩子是理所应当的。人类学家Katherine Dettwyler这样说道：

[I]In most cultures around the world, breasts hold no sexual connotations for either men or women. Sexual behavior does not involve the breasts, which are perceived as existing for the sole purpose of feeding children (Dettwyler 1995).

在全世界的大部分文化中，不论男女，乳房都没有任何性含义。性行为里不包括乳房，乳房只有一个作用，那就是哺育后代。（Dettwyler 1995）

In the United States, however, baring a breast to nourish and comfort a child is sometimes viewed as taboo.

可是在美国，有时候袒露胸怀为宝宝哺乳却被视为禁忌。

When people see a woman using her breasts for their most basic function…they may consciously or unconsciously confuse it with something that‘‘s sexual and should be done in privacy (Pugliese 2000).

当人们看到一个女人使用她的乳房运作最基本的功能时，他们会自觉或不自觉的将其认为是与性有关的行为，应该隐密的完成。（Pugliese 2000）

In a society that‘‘s riddled with contradictions about what is appropriate, it‘‘s not surprising that some women are unsure of how to handle certain aspects of their social lives as breastfeeding mothers. What‘‘s all the fuss about? Some people are unsettled by the idea of a child being nourished by something that comes from his mother‘‘s body. “Bodily functions are often treated with distaste or disgust…[and] may be considered ‘dirty‘‘” (Schiedel and Chiono 2000). Regardless, all that matters is one fact: breasts are designed for breastfeeding.

在一个对正常行为没有明确怎么做才合适的社会，我们一点也不奇怪作为哺乳妈妈的女性们，在社会生活的某些方面不知应该如何应对。这些想法上的混乱是什么？一些人对于孩子吃的东西是由妈妈身体的某个部位生产出来的观念感到不适，因为身体的某些部位总是被人厌恶或被认为是“脏的”(Schiedel and Chiono 2000)。不管怎么说，事实只有一个，乳房就是为哺乳而设计的。

Interestingly, most women reveal less skin while breastfeeding than performers in the entertainment industry, and even some women at the local grocery store. Sociologist Barbara Behrmann notes:

有趣的是，很多哺乳妈妈裸露的肌肤比娱乐场所的表演者裸露的肌肤要少的多，甚至不比一家当地杂货店里的女人裸露的肌肤多。社会学家Barbara Behrmann这样说道：

Women in the United States nurse in a culture in which our breasts are used to sell everything from cars to beer; in which deep cleavage dominates the checkout aisle…and in which the number of women who artificially enhance their breasts has increased 593 percent from 1992 to 2002 (Behrmann 2005).

美国的哺乳妇女面对的是一个靠乳房来销售从汽车到啤酒等所有东西的社会，在这样的社会，需要依靠深深的乳沟来占领结帐的通道…正因如此，从1992年至2002年，人工隆胸术增长了593%( Behrmann 2005).

Negative attention in the US media hasn‘‘t helped to portray public settings as breastfeeding friendly. In the summer of 2005, high-profile journalist Barbara Walters sparked a heated debate on television, in newspapers, and on Web sites after commenting on her show, The View, that being near a breastfeeding mother during an airplane flight made her “uncomfortable.”

美国媒体负面的注意力无法使公共设施在设计上更方便母乳喂养。2005年夏天，著名记者Barbara Walters在视点节目秀上评论在一次乘机旅行中，坐在一位哺乳妈妈旁边令她感到不舒服，评论一出，立即在电视，报纸和网络上引发了激烈的辩论。

A month later, The Chicago Tribune reported that a mother, Rebecca Gray, was asked to leave the pool of an amusement park as she discreetly nursed her four-month-old and kept an eye on her splashing toddler. She was informed of more “private” locations for nursing mothers. She commented, “I got out of the pool and continued feeding my baby on a chair beside the pool, and then I left…but the whole experience made me feel bad.” A similar situation happened to author Hilary Flower as she nursed her baby at a local public pool. Luckily, she knew her rights and had supportive friends to back her up. As she wrote in The St. Petersburg Times, “Some moms carry a copy of the Florida law around with them in case they get hassled. Now I do, too.” (For details on breastfeeding legislation by US state, go to www.lalecheleague.org/ LawBills.html.)

一个月之后，芝加哥论坛报道了一位母亲Rebecca Gray在一所娱乐公园的戏水池隐密地给她四个月的宝宝哺乳并看顾着正在泼水的学步儿时被要求离开。她被要求去一个更私密的专为哺乳妈妈准备的地方。她说：“我离开了戏水池，继续坐在池边的椅子上喂我的宝宝，喂完之后离开…但是整个的过程带给我的感觉很不好。”同样的情况也发生在作家Hilary Flower身上，当时她正在一个公共泳池边给她的宝宝哺乳。幸运的是，她知道自己的权利并且有朋友在一边支持她。她在圣彼德博格时代杂志里这样写道：“一些妈妈们会随身携带佛罗里达州律法以备不时之需，现在我也这样做了。”（关于美国各州与哺乳相关的法律条文，详情请访问www.lalecheleague.org/ LawBills.html.）

More recently, popular talk show host and psychologist Dr. Phil McGraw was recruiting guests to appear on a show about breastfeeding in public. At one time, his Web site asked people with strong opinions on the subject to contact him. One section included the question, “Do you need Dr. Phil‘‘s help at confronting your friend or family member about their inappropriate habit to breastfeed in public?” These examples, just a few among many, illustrate and help perpetuate the attitude that breastfeeding shouldn‘‘t be done in public.

不久之前，著名脱口秀栏目策划了一期关于在公共场合哺乳的节目，嘉宾里面包括心理学家Phil McGraw博士。他曾经在他的网站里要求一些在这方面有强烈看法的人联系他。其中有一个部分包含了问题：“你是否需要Phil博士的协助来面对您的那些在公共场合哺乳这一不适当的习惯的朋友或家庭成员？”这些例子，仅是众多案例中的一小部分，说明并协助延续了不应该在公共场合哺乳的态度。

What‘‘s a breastfeeding mother to do? Stay at home until her child weans? Run for cover if her baby needs to nurse while others are around? Of course not; those aren‘‘t practical options. If nursing in public is a roadblock in your breastfeeding relationship, preparation, practice, and breastfeeding support can help boost your confidence. The information below will help you on your mothering journey — take what works and leave the rest. The most important thing is that you do what‘‘s best for you and your baby.

哺乳妈妈们应该怎么做呢？一直呆在家里直到断奶吗？如果需要哺乳而又有旁人在场的情况下寻找遮掩吗？当然不用！这些都是不实际的办法。如果在公共场合哺乳是你母乳历程中的跘脚石的话，准备、练习和寻找哺乳支持会使你更有信心。以下的信息也许在你做母亲的历程中可以帮助到你，从里面找出对你有用的信息吧。重要的是你所做的对你自己和宝宝都有益处。

Preparation Is Key

准备工作是关键

New mothers learn pretty quickly that preparation for an outing is key. As stated in THE WOMANLY ART OF BREASTFEEDING, “Don‘‘t let a concern about feeding your baby in public keep you from enjoying the advantages and convenience of breastfeeding.” For a baby who is exclusively breastfed, all he requires is his mother. All mother needs is a simple diaper bag and a moment of privacy to help baby latch on when he is ready to nurse.

新手妈妈们很快认识到出行之前的准备是关键。《母乳喂养的女性艺术》这本书里写道：“不要让在公共场合哺乳的顾虑影响你享受母乳喂养带来的好处和便利。”对于一个全母乳宝宝，他所需要的一切就是他的妈妈。而妈妈需要的仅是一个简单可置放尿片的妈咪包和当需要哺乳时，片刻的隐蔽来帮助宝宝含乳。

Some mothers avoid breastfeeding in public by expressing their milk to bottle-feed. Their babies still benefit from receiving human milk, but neither of them receive the calming effects that nursing at the breast provides. In addition, young babies may have more trouble learning to breastfeed effectively, since different techniques are required for removing milk from a bottle than from the breast. Mothers will have to clean bottles and pump parts, and carry extra items in their diaper bags. They also run a higher risk of developing a plugged duct or breast infection when feedings at the breast are delayed. The challenges associated with offering human milk in a bottle while in public can be overcome, but:

一些妈妈为了避免在公共场合母乳喂养而将母乳挤出来放到奶瓶里。她们的宝宝同样可以享受到母乳里的营养，但是母子双方却都无法享受母乳喂养带给母亲和宝宝的镇定安抚的作用。除此之外，年幼的宝宝在学习有效率地哺乳上可能会面临较多的困难，因为用奶嘴吃奶和吸吮乳头的技术要求是不同的。妈妈们还需要清洗奶瓶和吸乳器配件，并且在妈咪包里携带更多的东西。而且妈妈们还会因为哺乳时间的延迟而增加了患乳腺堵塞和乳腺炎的风险。虽说在公共场所使用奶瓶喂母乳的挑战可以被克服，但是：

Many women find it easier, healthier, more economical, more ecologically sound, and more relaxing to fit breastfeeding in with all their daily activities than it is to fit occasional bottle-feeding in with their breastfeeding (Pugliese 2000).

很多女性发现将母乳喂养融入日常生活中与在母乳喂养的过程中时不时的使用奶瓶喂养相比较，前者更简单，更健康，更经济，更环保，更轻松(Pugliese 2000)。

Another benefit of breastfeeding is that it helps hone parenting instincts.

母乳喂养的另一个好处是协助锻炼母亲的本能直觉。

The more you hold your child and nurse him on demand, the higher your levels of prolactin and oxytocin — the “mothering” hormones — will soar….Babies are biologically programmed to let us know what they need, if we just listen to them (O‘‘Mara 2000).

在宝宝需要的时候抱着宝宝和哺乳宝宝的次数越多，你的泌乳素和催产素——“母爱”荷尔蒙──分泌的越多……宝宝天生就有能力表达他的需要，我们只要倾听就可以(O‘‘Mara 2000)。

If you breastfeed according to your baby‘‘s needs, you‘‘ll become familiar with his early feeding cues (such as rooting for the breast or sucking on his hands) and it‘‘s likely that you‘‘ll be able to anticipate his needs, whether you‘‘re at home, enjoying the company of others at a social gathering, or running an errand. Timing is everything. To avoid tears and tantrums, nurse when you see the telltale signs that he is hungry, needs comforting, or just needs to be close to you. Breastfeeding may attract unwanted attention in public if you wait until your baby begins to fuss or cry frantically before you offer your breast.

如果你是根据宝宝的需要来哺乳的，那你就会很熟悉宝宝想要吃奶的暗号（例如寻找乳房或者吸吮手指），看起来就像是你提前知道宝宝的需求似的，不论你是在家里，在聚会中或是在外出的时候。及时意味着一切。如果想要避免宝宝的哭闹和发脾气，就要在你看到宝宝发出饿了、需要安慰或仅仅想要靠近你的信号时及时地哺喂他。如果你在公共场合直到宝宝出现哭闹才开始哺乳，可能会招来很多不必要的目光。

Out and About

外出的时候

An exclusively breastfed baby will need to nurse every couple of hours, especially in the early months. Some babies may nurse more often. If you feel confident and comfortable with your location and the surrounding people, don‘‘t hesitate to breastfeed your baby.

纯母乳喂养的宝宝可能每隔几小时就要吃一次奶，特别是那些只有几个月大的宝宝。一些宝宝也许吃得次数更多。如果你对周围的环境和人感到信任和放心的时候，请大胆地为你的宝宝哺乳。

Wherever the destination, it will prove helpful to evaluate your surroundings upon arrival. At a shopping center, for example, be on the lookout for accessible spots to nurse before your baby is hungry. Many stores designate rooms for breastfeeding mothers, but remember that a hungry baby will not be a patient baby! Having a few areas in mind instead of searching for that “perfect” spot with a cranky baby will be easier on you both. In restaurants, request a seat that is out of the way of high traffic areas — the less you have to move your chair to accommodate passersby, the better. Beware of the common suggestion to use a public toilet facility while breastfeeding. Adults and bottle-fed babies aren‘‘t expected to eat in a toilet facility; the same should hold true for breastfed babies.

无论目的地在哪里，到达之后马上考察周围的环境是很有帮助的。例如在商场里，在宝宝饿了之前先选择好几个适合母乳喂养的地方。很多商店里面专门为哺乳妈妈设置有母婴室，但是请记住，一个饥饿的宝宝可不是一个很有耐心的宝宝！在脑海中记住几个地点比带着焦急不安的宝宝寻找最佳哺乳地点对你俩来说要简单的多。如果是在餐厅里，要求一个远离高人流量的座位──旁人通过时越少移动你的椅子越好。请当心那常见的要你利用公厕进行哺乳的建议，大人和奶粉喂养的宝宝不需要在厕所里吃东西，母乳喂养的宝宝也应该一样。

Some women are more concerned about nursing in front of family members and friends than in front of strangers — that‘‘s because criticism and questions from people we don‘‘t know are usually easier to ignore. If you‘‘re criticized for breastfeeding during a family gathering, there are ways to diffuse the situation. Remember that some people may just not be aware of the exquisite benefits of human milk. It‘‘s also possible that your dedication to breastfeeding makes them defensive or feel criticized for their own parenting choices. As explained in a New Beginnings article by Marianne Vakiener, five tactful ways to respond to criticism involve:

相比在陌生人面前哺乳，有些妈妈反而更介意在家人和朋友面前哺乳，因为陌生人的质疑和问题很容易被忽略。如果你在家庭聚会的时候因母乳喂养而遭到质疑，有一些方法可以缓和当时的气氛。请记住，有的人只是不知道母乳有这么多好处罢了。也有可能是你对母乳喂养的极力推崇使他们觉得需要为自己选择的喂养方式辩解或是感觉遭受到了批判。Marianne Vakiener在《新起点》的文章中提到，有以下五种方式来回应质疑：

Ignore: walking away or changing the subject;

忽视：走开或转移话题

Inform: sharing books, articles, or a medical professional‘‘s thoughts on breastfeeding according to baby‘‘s needs;

提供信息：分享书、文章或医学专家对于依宝宝需求喂奶的观点

Humor: making a joke about the situation or yourself, not the other person;

幽默：对自己目前的处境开一个玩笑，注意不要开他人的玩笑

Acknowledge: recognizing the person‘‘s viewpoint and asking further questions without agreeing or responding to criticism;

承认：承认他人的观点，在不表示同意或回应质疑的情况下继续询问其他的问题

Empathize: being empathetic to demonstrate that you understand the other person‘‘s feeling and meaning.

共情:表示出你非常理解他们的感觉和想表达的意思

Employing one of these tactics may work for you in difficult situations when the value of breastfeeding is questioned.

当你的母乳喂养的观点遭受质疑时，使用其中一种方法来应对或许可以度过困境。

Clothing Makes a Difference

The right clothing can make nursing simple and inconspicuous. Two piece outfits or tops that unbutton from the bottom are convenient because they can be pulled up or opened from the waist. If you‘‘re concerned about modesty, clothing can be arranged to cover the breast. Depending on the position used, your baby may also cover your torso. Many companies sell stylish nursing bras, shirts, tank tops, and dresses with concealed openings for breastfeeding. Become familiar with how they open so that you can quickly and easily latch your baby on to the breast. (A variety of clothing retailers advertise in NEW BEGINNINGS magazine. For more information, see the pages within or go to the “Valued Advertisers” section of the LLLI Web site at www.lalecheleague.org/valued.html.)

哺乳装：让喂奶更轻松

合适的哺乳装可以让喂奶更加简单和低调。两片式开口的套装或者上衣可以从腰间拉开或者打开，相当方便。如果你考虑到端庄，可调整衣服以遮挡住乳房。改变哺乳的姿势，宝宝也可以遮挡住你的胸部。不少公司都出售时尚哺乳文胸、T恤、无袖上衣和裙子，它们有隐蔽开口以方便哺乳。熟悉开口方式能让你快速轻易地喂奶。（《新起点》杂志登了很多哺乳装零售商的广告。如需了解更多，你可以登录LLLI网站参考“有用的广告信息”一节，网址：www.lalecheleague.org/valued.html）

Babywearing (carrying your baby in a sling or a pouch carrier) also lends itself to inconspicuous nursing. As your baby shows early signs of hunger or fussiness, adjust his position and your clothing for nursing. The extra fabric from some baby carriers can easily be pulled over your baby‘‘s head and you can continue with the task at hand. With the fabric of the carrier blocking out distractions, your baby can settle down to the business of eating and may nurse quietly off to sleep. This strategy is one that can become a familiar routine for you and your baby, making it more likely that he will be comfortable with it even in unfamiliar places.

把宝宝背起来（用背巾或者育儿袋）也能让哺乳变得“低调一些”。宝宝有点饿或困时，调整他的姿势和你的衣服以方便喂奶。有些背巾的一端有多余的布料可以将之放在宝宝的头部，这样你就能方便操作。有了背巾布的遮挡，宝宝可以安心地吃奶然后舒舒服服地睡着。这个办法可以成为你和宝宝熟悉的常规，因此更有可能就算在陌生环境中，宝宝也可以感觉很舒服。

Some sources suggest putting a baby blanket over your shoulder so that it drapes over your baby‘‘s head. Some babies don‘‘t like this strategy much, so it doesn‘‘t work for every mother and baby. Also, the blanket-over-the-shoulder approach creates a distinctive look that announces to everyone in sight that a breastfeeding baby is present. Many breastfeeding mothers prefer more inconspicuous strategies for breastfeeding in public places.

还有人建议在肩上搭一块婴儿毯来遮住宝宝的头。不过有些宝宝不喜欢头被罩住，所以这个办法并非对所有母婴都适用。而且肩上披毯子的姿势看上去很怪，等于向每个人昭告你正在喂奶。大多数妈妈还是喜欢采用更低调的办法来解决公众场合喂奶的问题。

If you‘‘re self-conscious about what you might be revealing while latching baby onto the breast or breastfeeding, practice at home. Your partner, a close friend, or even a mirror can give helpful feedback and put you at ease. And don‘‘t forget about attending La Leche League meetings! They provide the perfect setting to connect with other mothers, learn about breastfeeding, and, of course, see live demonstrations of how other mothers go about nursing their babies or toddlers in public. Family, friends, and LLL meetings are wonderful sources of information, support, and encouragement. (To find an LLL meeting near you, call 800-LALECHE or go to www.lalecheleague.org.)

如果你对喂奶或宝宝含乳时袒露胸部或者乳房感到不自在，你可以在家多练习。你可以对着伴侣、好友甚至镜子喂奶，这样会得到很有用的反馈信息，让你放松。还有不要忘记参加国际母乳会聚会，它是你与其他妈妈交流以及学习母乳喂养的良好机会。你可以在聚会上看其他妈妈亲身示范如何在公众场合给婴儿或者学步儿喂奶。家人、朋友以及国际母乳会聚会都是获得信息、支持和鼓励的不错对象。（如果想参加身旁的国际母乳会聚会，你可以致电800-LALECHE或者访问www.lalecheleague.org）

Breastfeeding with Confidence

Mothers are often surprised by how few people realize they‘‘re breastfeeding once they‘‘re comfortable and have mastered the art of nursing in public. The more you nurse in the presence of others, the less you may find yourself worrying about the thoughts of people around you. Go ahead: make eye contact with passersby or relax and enjoy the moment. Your positive attitude can even influence others and help create a society that is more breastfeeding friendly. As Behrmann notes:

I‘‘ve long believed that to nurse in public does more than meet the needs of a child; it does a public service….For despite the ways in which the cultural milieu makes our nursing experiences more complicated, one feeding at a time, one woman at a time, we change the world. (Behrmann 2005)

自信地哺乳

妈妈们掌握公共场合哺乳技巧之后都很惊讶几乎没人注意到她们在喂奶。在人前喂得越多，就越不在意旁人。大胆地和路人眼神交流或者放松身心享受这一刻。积极的态度甚至会感染他人，有利于创造一个对“母乳喂养更友善”的社会。

Behrman认为在公众场合哺乳不仅是给孩子喂奶，同时也是一种公共服务。尽管文化环境让喂奶变得复杂，但从每次喂奶每个妈妈做起，我们可以改变整个世界。(Behrmann 2005)

At the moment, your main concern is probably making your baby‘‘s world the best it can be. As a breastfeeding mother, you‘‘re off to a great start. Listen to your baby, follow your mothering instincts, and decide what your level of comfort is for breastfeeding in public. Whether you choose to nurse in front of a few close family members and friends or in a crowded area of unknown faces, do so with confidence. No explanations are necessary.

可能你目前最关心的是如何给宝宝最好的世界。作为母乳喂养妈妈，你已经给了宝宝一个好开始。听从宝宝的需求，跟着母性本能走，对于在公共场合哺乳，你自己来决定怎么做。不管是在亲朋好友面前还是尽是陌生面孔的拥挤人群中喂奶，自信地进行，无需解释。

References

Behrmann, B. The Breastfeeding Café. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2005.

Dettwyler, K.A. “Beauty and the Breast: The Cultural Context of Breastfeeding in the United States,” in Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives, (New York: Adline de Gruyter, 1995) 167-215.

Flower, H. “Nursing Mothers Have Rights, Too.” St. Petersburg Times, 14 August 2005.

Granju, K.A. Attachment Parenting. New York, New York: Pocket Books, 1999.

Kuczka, S. “Mom Tells of Park Incident” Chicago Tribune, 15 June 2005.

La Leche League International. THE WOMANLY ART OF BREASTFEEDING. Schaumburg, Illinois: La Leche League International, 2004.

O‘‘Mara, P. Natural Family Living. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000.

Pugliese, A.R. Breastfeeding in public. NEW BEGINNINGS 2000; 17(6):196-200.

Schiedel, E. and Chiono, M. Breastfeeding and Sexuality. La Leche League International, 2000. Publication No. 926-17.

Vakiener, M. Responding to criticism. NEW BEGINNINGS 1999; 16(4):116-19.

（小晓妈妈、白山 译 Shiuh-jane、Daisy审稿）

国际母乳会 N0-1487-27, 2004.4

There are plenty of reasons to quit smoking, both for you and your baby. You’ve probably heard about lots of them from health care providers, friends, family members, or other sources. But even if you can’t quit smoking breastfeeding your baby is still the best choice you can make.

为了妈妈和宝宝的健康，有很多戒烟的理由。你也许已经听到了很多这方面的原因，从医生，朋友，家人及其他信息来源等。但是，即便妈妈无法戒烟，母乳喂养依然可以作为最好的喂养选择。

Infants of smokers are at increased risk of colic, respiratory infections, and SIDS(Sudden Infant Death syndrome). But breastfed infants are at lower risk for these diseases compared to artificially fed infants, even when their mothers continue to smoke. And breastfeeding helps to protect babies from the potential risks of environmental smoke.

吸烟妈妈的宝宝罹患喊百日﹙肠绞痛﹚，呼吸道感染及SIDS（婴儿猝死综合症）的风险会增加。但母乳喂养的宝宝，即便他们的妈妈持续吸烟，他们罹患上述疾病的几率也比人工喂养的宝宝低。同时，母乳喂养也能为宝宝抵御二手烟的潜在威胁提供保护。

The American Academy of Pediatrics(AAP) recently made a change in its recommendations about smoking and breastfeeding. Nicotine was removed from its list of substances considered to be “contraindicated” during breastfeeding. An AAP statement issued in 2001 says, in part:

美国儿科学会（简称AAP）最近改变了他们对吸烟及母乳喂养的建议。将尼古丁从AAP的哺乳期禁用清单上去掉了。一份AAP2001年发布的声明中提到：（节选）

“One study reported that, among women who continue to smoke throughout breastfeeding, the incidence of acute respiratory illness is decreased among their infants, compared with infants of mothers who bottle fed. It may be that breastfeeding and smoking is less detrimental to the child than bottle feeding and smoking.”

“一项研究指出，相比起瓶喂的婴儿来说，在母乳喂养期间继续吸烟的母亲的婴儿罹患呼吸道疾病的几率是较少的。有可能吸烟妈妈母乳喂养较吸烟妈妈瓶喂对孩子的伤害更小。”

Breastfeeding provides significant health differences for mother and babies. For babies, it provides protection against diarrhea, certain kind of cancers, diabetes, and many other health challenges. For mothers, it protects against breast cancer, helps with postpartum weight loss, and encourages a unique mother-child bond that can’t be duplicated. Breastfeeding is just as beneficial for the smoking mother and her baby as it is for the nonsmoking mother and her baby. Here are some recommendations that can help minimize the potential effects of smoking on your baby.

母乳喂养能为妈妈和宝宝提供不同却显著的健康益处。对于宝宝来说，母乳可以使他们免受腹泻、某些癌症、糖尿病以及很多其它疾病的侵扰。母乳喂养也使妈妈们免于罹患乳腺癌，帮助妈妈在产后减重，并且鼓励妈妈与孩子建立一种无法复制的母婴纽带。母乳喂养对于吸烟的妈妈和不吸烟的妈妈及她们各自的宝宝都有同等的益处。以下是一些建议，可以帮助妈妈们最大限度的降低吸烟对宝宝的影响。

SMOKE AS FAF AWAY FROM YOUR BABY AS POSSIBLE

吸烟时尽量远离宝宝

To prevent exposing your baby to environmental tobacco smoke and particulates small enough to inhale, any smoker in your household should smoke outside or at least in a room away from the baby.

为了避免宝宝吸环境中的二手烟以及吸入微小的颗粒物，建议家庭里所有的吸烟者都最好在室外吸烟，至少在一个远离宝宝的房间里吸烟。

Some health care providers suggest that family members who smoke should always wash their hands after smoking and before touching the baby. A smoker can also wear a jacket or other outer garment while smoking to protect clothing from smoke particles. This garment may be removed before reentering the home or having any contact with the baby so the baby will be exposed to fewer smoke particles.

也有一些医生会建议吸烟的家人在吸烟后及与宝宝接触前要洗手。也可以在吸烟时穿件外套或者一件专门的外衣作为吸烟服，这样可以保护衣物不沾染上烟的微粒。在回到家中或与宝宝接触前脱掉这件外衣，这样宝宝就能更少的暴露在烟的微粒中。

CUT DOWN ON SMOKING

减少吸烟量

Fewer cigarette smoked means less environmental smoke in the air, lower levels of nicotine in your milk, better health for everyone, and more time with your baby.

少吸一根烟就意味着空气中二手烟更少，乳汁中的尼古丁更少，对大家的健康都有益，妈妈还有更多的时间陪伴宝宝。

MONITOR YOUR BABY’S WEIGHT GAIN

监控宝宝的体重增长

Some research suggests that smoking affects a baby’s weight gain, while other research shows no difference between babies of smoking and nonsmoking mothers. In light of these conflicting findings, it makes sense to monitor your baby’s weight gain at regular well-baby checkups. If you are worried about your baby’s growth, talk to a La Leche League Leader or knowledgeable health care providers. There are many techniques you can use to increase your milk supply.

一些研究认为妈妈吸烟会影响宝宝的体重增长，而另一些研究又认为无论是吸烟还是不吸烟的妈妈，她们宝宝的体重增长没有差异。鉴于这些结论不一的研究发现，吸烟妈妈最好带宝宝做定期的健康检查，如果担心宝宝的体重，和母乳会的哺乳辅导或专业医疗保健人员谈一谈，有许多方法可以增加母乳量。

SMOKE RIGHT AFTER BREASTFEEDING INSTEAD OF JUST BEFORE

吸烟最好选择在哺乳之后，避免在喂奶之前

When a breastfeeding mother smokes a cigarette, the nicotine levels in her blood and milk first increase and then decrease over time. Therefore, smoking right after feeding minimize the amount of nicotine in the milk. About 90 minutes after smoking, the level of nicotine in the mother’s blood and milk decreases by about half. Your baby will probably want to nurse frequently in the early weeks, so you may not always be able to wait that long between smoking and the next feeding. Frequently nursing is good for your milk supply and assures that your baby gets enough to eat.

母乳妈妈吸烟时，血液及乳汁中的尼古丁含量是先升高，经过一段时间后才降低的。因此，在哺乳后再吸烟可以将乳汁中的尼古丁含量控制到最低。90分钟后，血液及乳汁中的尼古丁下降将近一半。在最开始的几周，宝宝需要频繁哺乳，所以妈妈不一定每次都能在吸烟和哺乳间间隔那么长的时间。频繁的哺乳有益于增加乳汁分泌，以便宝宝能够摄入足够的乳汁。

SMOKING CESSATION AIDS

戒烟帮助

Commercial products may help you quit smoking and their use protects your whole family from carbon monoxide and respiratory irritants in the air. If you use nicotine gum or lozenges, treat them as you would a cigarette- use them right after a nursing so that blood levels of nicotine have time to fall before the next nursing. Transdermal nicotine patches provide a steady level of nicotine in your blood and milk. That level will be lower than the level of nicotine when smoking. Consider removing the patch at night to reduce levels of nicotine during nighttime nursing.

一些市售的尼古丁替代产品可以帮助戒烟，也能够保护全家免受一氧化碳及空气中的呼吸道刺激物的侵害。如果妈妈使用尼古丁香口香糖或喉糖，和吸烟的处理方式一致：需在哺乳后使用，这样血液中的尼古丁可以有足够的时间在下次哺乳前代谢掉。通过皮肤接触的尼古丁贴片在血液及乳汁中维持稳定的尼古丁浓度。这种含量要比直接吸烟的量低。为了晚间的哺乳，最好在睡前将贴片揭掉以降低尼古丁的含量。

Breastfeeding mothers should be especially careful not to smoke cigarette while using such products. Smoking relapses while using replacement products may produce very high levels of nicotine in your blood and milk that could be dangerous.

母乳妈妈需特别注意在使用以上产品时不要吸烟，在使用替代产品时吸烟会使血液及乳汁中的尼古丁浓度太高，这样危害更大。

EARLY WEANING?

会提前断奶么？

Some research seemed to indicate that mothers who smoke wean earlier than mother who don’t. However, recent review of such studies suggests that there may not be a physical reason for early weaning. Some experts believe that mothers who continue to smoke may quit breastfeeding because of concerns about whether it’s safe for their babies. More research is needed to determine whether earlier weaning is caused by some physical effect of smoking or some other factor. Mothers need to remember that breastfeeding protects their babies from the very respiratory diseases they may be worried about.

一些研究指出吸烟的妈妈会比不吸烟的妈妈提前断奶。但最新的研究表明有可能并不是身体的原因所导致的。一些专家认为继续吸烟的妈妈有可能是因为担心对宝宝不安全而选择提前断奶。还没有更多的研究来判定提前断奶是由于吸烟对身体影响还是其它的因素所导致。母乳妈妈谨记，母乳喂养可以保护宝宝免受她们所担心的呼吸疾病的困扰。

CONCLUSION

结论

Decide what is realistic for you to do. Some mothers quit smoking during pregnancy and while they are breastfeeding. Other mothers try to minimize the effects of smoking by smoking in a different room from the baby, allowing as much time as possible between smoking a cigarette and the next breastfeeding, and by keeping the number of cigarette smoked per day as low as possible. Less smoking in your household will be good for your whole family’s health, not just your baby’s. But even if you don’t quit or cut down on smoking, breastfeeding still provides important health benefits for both you and your baby.

妈妈需决定什么是对于自己来说最现实的做法。有些妈妈在孕期及哺乳期都戒了烟。而另一些妈妈尝试最低限度的降低吸烟的影响，她们选择不在宝宝的房间里吸烟，在吸烟和下一次哺乳之间间隔足够长的时间，以及最大限度的降低每天吸烟的支数。减少吸烟不仅对小宝宝有益，同时有益于全家人的身体健康。但即便妈妈不能戒烟或减少吸烟量，母乳喂养依然为妈妈和宝宝带来重要的健康优势。

Our thanks to Amy Conway and Kathy Koch, IBCLC, for their help in compiling this information.

感谢国际认证专业哺乳顾问Amy Conway和Kathy Koch为编辑本信息单页所提供的帮助。

(Jerry Jie翻译 Shiuh-jane、Daisy审稿)

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