母乳喂养 科普手册系列

母乳喂养时有什么我应该或不该吃的吗？

均衡的饮食可以让你保持健康，感觉良好，但不管你吃什么，你的乳汁总是为宝宝提供理想的营养。

总的来说，母乳妈妈没有什么食物禁忌。只需运用常识：如果你注意到宝宝在你吃了某种食物后反应很糟，最好停止吃那些食物一段时间。

END

撰稿 | Victoria

审阅 | Victoria、晓璠、Lenny

编辑 | 斯琦

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母乳喂养 科普手册系列

虽然爸爸不能用母乳亲喂婴儿。

但爸爸可以通过多种重要方式与婴儿联结并参与婴儿护理。

比如:

● 通过抱着、摇晃或走路来安慰宝宝。

● 给宝宝按摩。

● 和宝宝肌肤接触。

● 和宝宝一起玩，在房子里展示婴儿照片唱歌，进行好玩的对话。

● 享受困倦的宝宝依偎在胸前的放松时光。

● 使用柔软的背巾背着宝宝在户外或房子周围散步。

● 换尿布和洗澡。刚开始时，有些宝宝在换尿布和洗澡时会闹腾。但对于宝宝和父母来说，这很快就变成了一个有趣的交流时光。

● 当宝宝开始准备好尝试固体食物时，可以期待爸爸在用餐时间帮忙。

● 做饭，买菜，在你喂奶时给妈妈拿零食和饮料。

● 应付难缠的家庭成员或朋友。

● 支持母乳喂养也许是爸爸能做的最重要的事情——这有助于提升妈妈履行母职的信心对自己的决定更加笃定，有助于确保宝宝生命伊始是正常和快乐的。

END

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审阅 | Victoria、晓璠、Lenny

编辑 | 斯琦

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做公益也有运营成本！

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母乳喂养 科普手册系列

在你的宝宝出生前，你的身体开始分泌初乳，这是一种浓稠、淡黄色、透明的乳汁，为你的宝宝提供免疫力，并有助于预防黄疸。

产后大约第三天，你的奶下来了，奶量增加并逐渐变得更白。

随着你的乳汁变得充足，你的乳房可能看起来非常饱满——生理性奶涨来临，正常情况下应该在12到48小时内消退。

—–

—–

以下是一些尽量减少乳房肿胀的方法：

• 早开奶并频繁喂奶。这意味着在宝宝出生后第一个小时内喂奶，然后在宝宝出现任何饥饿线索时喂奶，每天至少8次。

• 如果新生儿白天睡2到3个小时或晚上睡4小时以上，请唤醒他喂奶。如果说话、抚摸、脱衣服、换尿布和温和抚触没有唤醒他，试着把他放在平坦的表面，慢慢地轻轻地把他从一边滚到另一边。或者把他的皮肤贴在你的胸前。调暗房间的光线通常也会有帮助。

• 让宝宝吃完一侧乳房再换另一侧。

• 在两次哺乳之间冷敷乳房，将洗过的冰凉卷心菜叶直接放在胸罩内的乳房上，直到它们枯萎时再更换。

• 喂奶前，在乳房上放一块温暖的湿布，并挤一些奶，使含乳更容易。

• 反向按压软化乳晕。将指尖呈环状放在乳头底部，向下按压30秒左右，暂时软化乳晕然后马上给宝宝喂奶

• 调暗房间的光线通常也会有帮助。

如果出现以下情况，请就诊：

• 发烧38°C或以上，乳房发红/疼痛 /肿胀，或出现流感症状。

• 你的宝宝无法含乳。

• 出生第三天或第四天之后，你的宝宝每天大便不到3-4次，小便少于6-8次。出生一周时，每天大便5-6次是正常的，直到宝宝大约一个月大  （每次便量可能会变多，但次数会更少）。

END

撰稿 | Victoria

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编辑 | 斯琦

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更多阅读资料，

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真正准备好断奶的宝宝基本上都会在几周或几个月的时间里逐渐离乳。如果你的宝宝或学步儿原本一直母乳吃得很好，突然就拒绝哺乳了，可能是所谓的“罢奶”，而不是彻底的断奶。罢奶对你和宝宝来说都是一件可怕又令人不安的事，但一般都是暂时的。大多数罢奶在二到四天内就会结束，宝宝又恢复如常地哺乳了。

第一件要记住的事就是别让宝宝饿着。另一件重要的事是保护你的奶量。

罢奶有很多原因，往往是对外界因素的临时反应，尽管有时导致罢奶的原因从未明确过。以下是一些最常见的引发罢奶的因素：

• 你换了体香剂、肥皂、香水、润肤霜等，宝宝闻起你来“不一样”了。
• 你一直压力很大（比如需要陪伴他人、重返职场、旅行、搬家、处理家庭危机）。
• 宝宝或者学步儿生病或是受伤了，让哺乳很不舒服（耳朵感染、鼻塞、鹅口疮、嘴唇破了）。
• 宝宝因为长牙而牙龈酸痛。
• 你最近改变了哺乳模式（开始了一份新工作、让保姆照顾孩子比平时多、由于忙碌而推迟了哺乳等）。
• 当宝宝咬你的时候，你反应过激吓着了宝宝。
• 你再度怀孕，奶量可能减少了。
• 你在排卵期，奶量可能会暂时减少。
• 当你和宝宝分开时，挤奶的时间越来越短或是次数越来越少。
• 你一直在生病和/或在服用药物（包括一些避孕方法），都可能对你的奶量有负面影响。

• 另外一个要考虑的因素是奶阵很冲或过多 (OALD) ，也就是你的奶水来得特别快而且喷得很猛，以至于宝宝不能很好地控制它。宝宝为了保护自己不被呛到会选择闭住他的嘴巴，抗拒乳房。

只有你自己才能确定上述因素中有哪些（如果有的话）符合你目前的情况。无论是什么原因，罢奶都会让每个人感到沮丧。宝宝可能很难安抚也不开心，而你会感到挫败郁闷。请记住你的宝宝并没有抗拒你，只要花一点时间，母乳喂养几乎都能恢复如常。

克服罢奶、让宝宝重回乳房需要耐心和毅力。如果怀疑是生病或受伤导致了罢奶，那就要去看医生。看看能否找到其他人来帮助分担一些家务并照顾大孩子，这样你就可以花更多的时间照顾小宝宝了。

试着放松，并把专注点放在如何让母乳喂养成为一种愉快的经历。你试着哺乳时，如果宝宝感到不安，就停下来先安慰他。多抱抱、轻抚他、和他肌肤接触都能帮助你们重新建立起亲密的关系。

此外，下面这些历经时间考验的建议已经帮助许多母乳喂养的父母克服了罢奶。最好在宝宝的正常喂奶时间之前尝试做这些，以确保宝宝不被饿着，防止他更抵触乳房。

• 尽量不要对此有压力（说起来容易，做起来难啊）。宝宝也会感到压力的。播放舒缓的音乐，调暗房间里的灯光，尽可能多地去做肌肤接触。
• 在宝宝睡着、刚刚醒来或者昏昏欲睡的时候给他喂奶。我们在快入睡或要醒来时，处于更原始的精神状态，而母乳喂养是宝宝的一种生存行为，有时他们在这个时候会恢复到良好的喂养状态。
• 变换不同的哺乳姿势。
• 边活动边哺乳。这时可以用上背巾或背带。
• 对宝宝格外地关注并做肌肤接触。
• 在尝试哺乳的间隙，用背巾或背带抱着宝宝，以增加亲密感。
• 你躺在床上裸露着上身和宝宝玩耍，毫无压力地哺乳。只要宝宝寻找乳房，就随时邀请他吃奶。
• 在一个安静、幽暗、没有干扰的房间里哺乳。
• 先刺激出奶阵让乳汁流出来，再给宝宝喂奶，这样他就能立即得到奖励。
• 一起洗个热水澡，尽量肌肤相贴地依偎着，自在地哺乳。

• 花时间看看其他的母乳宝宝和学步儿。有时候，来自同龄人的压力可能是件好事！国际母乳会的聚会就是个观摩的好地方。游乐场或者繁忙商场里的哺乳室也很有用。

尽管你在试着说服宝宝回到乳房上，也要确保他获得足够的奶量来生长，还要保持你的产奶量。

你可以考虑用杯子、勺子、眼药水滴管或注射器喂奶，同时继续努力让他回归乳房。你也可以用奶瓶喂宝宝，不过要确保用间歇式瓶喂的方法。奶瓶斜着喂或用快流速奶嘴有时会让宝宝乳头混淆，从而引起罢奶。你会发现他对吸吮的需求就能鼓励他去哺乳，而不像用其它方法“只是为了吃”。请尽量记住，一两天后就会迎刃而解。

尽管宝宝拒绝乳房，你也需要像亲喂宝宝时那么频繁地挤奶。一些妈妈发现用手挤奶很有效，而另一些妈妈则依赖于吸奶器吸奶。这种做法不仅保护了你的奶量，还可以避免堵奶或患乳腺炎的潜在风险。

每天花一小时对自己温柔一点。如果这些方法似乎都不管用，你当地的国际母乳会的哺乳辅导可以给你提供支持和更多的建议。

最后，如果罢奶一直持续，从几天变成了几周，这可能预示着你哺乳之旅的结束。请意识到你给了自己的孩子多么珍贵的礼物啊！这可能会是容易让情绪出现波动不安的时侯，尤其是当你原本的“计划”是要哺乳更长时间。更不用提你的荷尔蒙会随着奶量减少而变化了。照顾好自己，认真管理好断奶的过程以免堵奶或得乳腺炎。我们知道每个宝宝的母乳喂养之旅都是独一无二的。这是你的妈妈之旅迈出的又一步。祝贺自己为母乳喂养所做的努力吧！

Nursing Strikes

My Baby Is Suddenly Refusing to Nurse. Does That Mean It’s Time to Wean?

A baby who is truly ready to wean will almost always do so gradually, over a period of weeks or months. If your baby or toddler has been breastfeeding well and suddenly refuses to nurse, it is probably what is called a “nursing strike,” rather than a signal that it’s time to wean. Nursing strikes can be frightening and upsetting to both you and your baby, but they are almost always temporary. Most nursing strikes are over, with the baby back to breastfeeding, within two to four days.

First thing to remember is to feed the baby. The other important thing is to protect your supply.

Nursing strikes happen for many reasons. They are almost always a temporary reaction to an external factor, although sometimes their cause is never determined. Here are some of the most common triggers of nursing strikes:

• You changed your deodorant, soap, perfume, lotion, etc. and you smell “different” to your baby.
• You have been under stress (such as having extra company, returning to work, traveling, moving, dealing with a family crisis).
• Your baby or toddler has an illness or injury that makes nursing uncomfortable (an ear infection, a stuffy nose, thrush, a cut in the mouth).
• Your baby has sore gums from teething.
• You recently changed your nursing patterns (started a new job, left the baby with a sitter more than usual, put off nursing because of being busy, etc.).
• You reacted strongly when your baby bit you, and the baby was frightened.
• You are newly pregnant and your milk supply may be reduced.
• You are ovulating and your milk supply may be temporarily reduced.
• You have been pumping less time or with less frequency when away from baby.

• You have been sick and/or taking a medication (including some methods of birth control), which can have a negative impact on your supply.

One additional consideration is a strong or overactive letdown (OALD), where your milk comes in so fast and sprays hard that baby can’t control it well and closes his mouth, refusing the breast.

Only you know for certain which, if any, of the above factors apply in your current situation. No matter what the cause, a nursing strike is upsetting for everyone. The baby may be difficult to calm and unhappy. You might feel frustrated and upset. Remember your baby isn’t rejecting you. Breastfeeding will almost always get back to normal with a little time.

Getting over the nursing strike and getting your baby back to the breast takes patience and persistence. Get medical attention if an illness or injury seems to have caused the strike. See if you can get some extra help with your household chores and any older children so that you can spent lots of time with the baby.

Try to relax and concentrate on making breastfeeding a pleasant experience. Stop and comfort your baby if he or she gets upset when you try to nurse. Extra cuddling, stroking, and skin-to-skin contact with the baby can help you re-establish closeness.

Additionally, these time-tested suggestions have helped many nursing parents overcome a nursing strike. They are best to try before a baby’s normal feeding times, to assure that baby is not hungry and likely more resistant at the breast.

• Try not to stress about it. (So easy to say, not to do.) The baby will pick up on stress. Play calming music, lower lights in the house, go skin to skin as much as possible.
• Nurse the baby as he is asleep, just awakening, or is very drowsy. As we drift to sleep or awaken, we are in a more primitive state of mind and since breastfeeding is a survival behavior for babies, sometimes they revert to feeding well at this time.
• Vary nursing positions.
• Nurse when in motion. In this case, a sling or cloth carrier can be useful.
• Give the baby extra attention and skin to skin contact.
• Hold the baby in a sling or baby carrier between attempts to nurse to increase bonding.
• Lay in bed to play with baby while you are topless, with no pressure to nurse. Just the open invitation if baby searches for the breast.
• Nurse in a quiet, darkened room free of distractions.
• Stimulate your let-down and get your milk flowing before offering the breast so the baby gets an immediate reward.
• Take a warm bath together with lots of skin to skin snuggling and no pressure to nurse.
• Sleep together, giving baby easy access to the breast while sleeping.

• Spend time around other nursing babies and toddlers. Sometimes peer pressure can be a good thing! A LLL meeting is a natural place to do this. Playgroups or busy store nursing rooms can also be helpful.

While you are trying to persuade your baby back to the breast, you’ll want to make sure baby gets enough milk to sustain him and you keep your milk supply flowing.

You may consider feeding by cup, spoon, eyedropper, or syringe while you work on getting him back to the breast. You might feed baby by bottle, making sure to practice paced bottle feeding. Tilting a bottle or using fast-flow nipples can sometimes confuse baby and bring on a nursing strike. You may find that his need to suck will encourage him to nurse instead of “just eating” by the other methods. Try to keep in mind, this could all be over in a day or two.

While baby is refusing breast, you need to extract your milk as often as baby has been nursing. Some moms find hand expression to be effective, while others rely on pumping. Not only does this practice protect your supply, it also saves you from potential clogged ducts or mastitis.

Take one hour at a time. Be gentle with yourself. Your local LLL Leader can offer support and more suggestions if these don’t seem to be working.

Finally, if this strike goes on and days turn into weeks, this may signal the end of your nursing journey. Please recognize what a gift you have given your child! It can be an emotional time, especially when your “plan” was to nurse longer. Not to mention hormonal changes as your milk supply diminishes. Take care of yourself and manage the weaning carefully to avoid clogged ducts or mastitis. We recognize each nursling’s breastfeeding journey is entirely individual and unique. This is yet another step in your motherhood journey. Congratulate yourself on your breastfeeding effort!

资料来源：https://llli.org/breastfeeding-info/nursing-strikes/ 

END

翻译：传艳

一审：Lynn

二审：Marien、张艳莹

编辑：斯琦

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点击上方国际母乳会LLL 设为星标，获取育儿知识 

所有的宝宝都会哭，而有一些宝宝则经常哭。

如果是宝宝经常啼哭，妈妈会觉得沮丧又心烦。试着给宝宝拍嗝，抱着ta摇晃，但还是哭闹不已。到底是怎么了？妈妈可能担心奶量不够、喂不饱孩子，或是觉得自己的母乳质量不太好，又或是担心自己吃的东西会通过母乳让宝宝的肠胃不舒服。

你并不是唯一有这种担忧的人。

许多妈妈都担心这些。但是大多时候，宝宝的哭与妈妈乳房里的母乳的质或量都没有任何关系。

事实上，宝宝会因为很多原因而哭。哭是宝宝与你沟通的主要方式。一开始，很难弄清楚ta到底想告诉妈妈什么。宝宝可能是饿了、不开心、受伤、害怕或是孤独。

出生后的最初几天

宝宝正在适应外面的世界，宝宝经历了一些巨大的变化！出生后把宝宝放在妈妈的胸前做肌肤接触有助于宝宝适应自己的新家。当宝宝烦躁或者啼哭时，喂奶就能轻松地安抚。啼哭被认为是较晚的饥饿信号。通常宝宝会先表现出其它的饥饿迹象，比如：

• 吸吮手或手指

• 抱着时会寻找乳房

• 呼吸急促，躁动不安

刚开始妈妈的乳房只产生少量的初乳。早期频繁地哺乳就给了乳房信号，让它产出更多的母乳。只要在乳房上，宝宝就能通过吸吮、肌肤接触、听到熟悉的声音和心跳得到抚慰。这和吃到乳汁一样重要。

宝宝不太可能遵循一个固定的喂养模式或时间表。可能会频繁地哺乳几个小时，然后睡一个长长的觉；或者可能有一个不规律的吃奶模式。有些宝宝一天喂奶8~9次，还有些宝宝一天要喂12次以上。这些都是正常的。

啼哭和母乳喂养问题

当妈妈试着哺乳而宝宝却一直在哭时，会很让人沮丧。宝宝似乎找不到乳头或者不能正确地吸吮。这种情况下，可以抱着宝宝放在妈妈裸露的皮肤上，把ta的头放在妈妈的胸前、下巴下方，这样待几分钟直到宝宝平静下来。然后再试一次。

还可以尝试后躺式哺乳的姿势，这样宝宝就能感受到妈妈的肌肤，开始自己向乳房挪动。关于如何调整好妈妈和宝宝的身体姿势的更多资讯，可以参阅哺乳姿势和含乳姿势，这样宝宝就可以舒服地含乳了。

请记住，宝正在学着做一些全新的事情，所以可能要花很长时间才能含住乳房。对宝宝要有耐心，如果你担心，可以向他人寻求帮助（如国际母乳会的哺乳辅导、泌乳顾问、助产士或护士）。

出生三四天后

这时妈妈乳房里的奶量会明显增加。宝宝要含上充盈的乳房可能会非常费力，使ta哭闹不休。试着挤出一点儿乳汁来让乳房变得软一些，这样有助于宝宝含乳。如果不管用，就要寻求帮助了。

宝宝在出生后的头几天里体重会减轻（因为宝宝排出了黑色的胎便，而这种粪便原来在肠道里）。现在宝宝的体重开始增加了。每周增重140-250克（5-8盎司）是很典型的情况。这意味着孩子吃到了很多母乳，不用担心奶不够吃这一点了！在两次称体重的间隔期间，只要注意确保宝宝每24小时至少有6个沉沉的湿尿布和至少3个便便尿布即可。请参阅如何知道婴儿是否吃到了足够的母乳。

如果宝宝在出生后第四天还没能按预期增加体重，就要和医生或助产士谈一谈了，做一些事情来帮助宝宝在乳房上吃到更多的乳汁。

有的宝宝会在晚上哭得很厉害，许多妈妈发现宝宝在傍晚时分特别烦躁。可以的话，妈妈就在沙发上或者摇椅上休息，让宝宝随心所欲地哺乳，妈妈还会担心是某些自己正在吃喝的东西让宝宝烦躁了，其实大多数宝宝不会因为妈妈吃了或喝了什么而烦燥不安，但是有些会。如果妈妈认为这对宝宝是个问题，可以和国际母乳会的哺乳辅导或者国际认证哺乳顾问(IBCLC)聊一聊。

产后前两个月

很多宝宝伴随着成长会出现“猛长期”或“喂养频繁的日子”，这种情况发生在宝宝三周大和六周大左右。妈妈会发现以往快乐的宝宝突然开始哭得很厉害，总想要来来回回地吃奶，有时候这么吃一整天！这很正常！通常在两三天之后，宝宝就会回归以往的哺乳模式，而且看起来吃得更满足了。频繁喂养的这几天让妈妈的母乳量激增来满足宝宝的需求。

为什么不用配方奶呢？

图片文字从红箭头开始顺时针顺序：产奶量下降，宝宝啼哭，父母焦虑，喂配方奶，宝宝母乳喂养减少。

还可能是什么原因呢？

宝宝啼哭有很多原因。然而一旦他们被抱起来，就会减少哭闹。宝宝们各不相同：有些宝宝比别的宝宝更敏感、紧张。如果有狗叫，可能一个宝宝不会醒来，而另一个宝宝就会醒来大哭不止。啼哭是宝宝和妈妈交流的最大声的方式。宝宝不是想逼疯或操控妈妈，而是想让妈妈知道“有些事儿不对劲!”

有时候宝宝哭是因为想亲近妈妈、听到妈妈的声音并感受妈妈的温暖，就像ta出生前那样。假以时日，妈妈就会了解自己的宝宝，理解ta独特的哭声和信号。

可以尝试一些事情

◆主动哺乳，即使宝宝刚刚吃过。宝宝可能只是需要一点儿甜点！即使不太饿，母乳喂养也可以安抚ta。

◆紧紧抱着宝宝。可以考虑脱掉衣服，这样你们就可以肌肤接触了。这种接触往往有助于让宝宝不再啼哭。更多信息请参阅肌肤接触式育儿 。

◆带着宝宝走走。宝宝愿意四处移动，他们很喜欢成人走路的节奏。有背巾或柔软的宝宝背带的话，可以背着ta；或者直接抱着ta在厨房里忙活或在小区里溜达；妈妈也可以在摇椅上摇着ta。

◆对着宝宝说话或唱歌。宝宝在出生前就已经听了好几个月没买的声音了，很喜欢妈妈的声音。

◆一起洗个澡。如果宝宝总感到很紧张，那在温水中依偎着妈妈可能正是ta需要的放松方式。进入水中后，就可以让人帮着把宝宝放在妈妈怀里了。

◆如果这些都不管用，就试着再喂奶。宝宝可能现在准备好含上再多吃一些奶了。

伸出援助之手

有时妈妈所能为宝宝做的就是在宝宝哭的时候陪在身边。即使宝宝还在哭，妈妈的抚摸和亲近也能让宝宝安心。如果宝宝经常哭得让妈妈感到很沮丧，就请别人帮助你。或许你的伴侣、朋友或家人可以抱抱孩子，让妈妈能休息一下。请参阅伴侣和支持者如何提供帮助来获取更多想法。

这里有一个好消息：即使是经常哭的宝宝，到了两三个月大的时候也会哭得越来越少。妈妈的爱和支持将帮助宝宝认识到这个世界是一个充满关爱的地方，宝宝可以相信妈妈会一直在ta身边！

Why Do Babies Cry?

All babies cry, and some cry a lot.
When it’s your baby who is crying a lot, it can be frustrating and upsetting for you. You try burping her, rocking her – and she’s still wailing. What’s wrong? You might be worried about making enough milk to fill her up. Or think that your milk is not good enough. Or maybe you are worried that something you are eating is upsetting her tummy through your milk.

You’re not alone in these concerns. Many mothers worry about these things. But most of the time, your baby’s crying has nothing to do with the quality or amount of milk in your breasts.

The truth is that there are many reasons babies cry. Crying is the main way your baby communicates with you. At first it can be a challenge to figure out what she’s trying to tell you. Your baby may be hungry, unhappy, hurt, scared or lonely.

In the first few days

Your baby is adjusting to life out in the world. He’s been through some big changes! Putting him on your chest skin to skin after the birth will help him adjust to his new home. When he fusses or cries, offering the breast can easily comfort him. Crying is considered a late sign of hunger. Usually your baby gives other signs of hunger first, such as:

• sucking on his hands or fingers.
  

• searching for the breast if he’s being held.
  

• breathing quickly and moving around restlessly.
  

At first, your breasts produce small amounts of colostrum. Frequent feedings in the early days signal your breasts to make more milk. When at breast, your baby is soothed by sucking, by being held skin-to-skin and by hearing your familiar voice and heartbeat. This is as important as getting your milk.

He’s not likely to follow a firm pattern or schedule for feeding. He might breastfeed very frequently for a few hours and then sleep for a longer period of time. Or he might just have an irregular pattern with his feedings. Some babies will feed 8 or 9 times a day, others will nurse more than 12 times a day. That’s all normal.

Crying and breastfeeding problems

It’s frustrating when you try to breastfeed and your baby just cries. She can’t seem to find the nipple or suck properly. When this happens, cuddle your baby against your bare skin with her head on your chest, under your chin for a few minutes until she calms down.  Then try again. Try a laid-back position so she can feel your skin and start to move to the breast on her own. See Positioning and Latching for more information on how to position your body and your baby so she can latch comfortably.

Remember, she’s learning to do something brand new, so it may take her more than a few minutes to latch on to the breast. Be patient with your baby, and ask for help (from a La Leche League Leader , lactation consultant, midwife or nurse) if you are worried.

After day three or four

At this point, the amount of milk in your breasts will increase significantly. Your baby may have trouble latching on to your fuller breasts. That might cause more crying. Try to express a little milk to make your breasts softer. This can help your baby latch on. If that doesn’t work, ask for some help.

Your baby lost weight in the first few days (as he got rid of the dark-coloured poop called meconium that was previously in his gut). Now he will start gaining. Between 140-250 grams (five and eight ounces) each week is typical. That means he is getting plenty of milk – one worry you can cross off your list! In between weight checks, just watch to be sure he has at least six heavy wet diapers and at least three poopy diapers every 24 hours. See How to Know Your Baby is Getting Enough Milk.

If your baby is not gaining weight as expected after day four, talk to your doctor or midwife. There are things you can do to help your baby get more milk at the breast.

Does your baby cry a lot in the evenings? Many mothers find their babies are extra-fussy in the evening hours. If you can, just relax on the couch or in a rocking chair and let your baby nurse as much as he wants.

Worried that something you are eating or drinking is bothering your baby? Most babies aren’t bothered by anything their mothers eat or drink, but some are. You could talk to a La Leche League Leader or an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) about this if you think it is a problem for your baby.

In the first two months

Many babies have “growth spurts” or “frequency days” as they grow. This happens around three weeks and six weeks. You’ll notice that suddenly your usually happy baby will start to cry a lot and want to nurse much more often – sometimes all day long! This is normal. Usually, after two or three days, your baby goes back to his previous pattern of breastfeeding and seems more content. Those days of frequent feedings have boosted your milk supply to meet his needs.

Why Not use Formula?

What else could it be?
Babies cry for many reasons. However, when they are being held, they cry much less. Babies are all different: some are more sensitive and intense than others. One baby might not wake up if a dog barks; while another will wake up crying and keep crying. Crying is the loudest way your baby can communicate. She’s not trying to drive you crazy or manipulate you; she’s trying to let you know “something is wrong!”

How do you know what’s wrong? Sometimes your baby cries because she wants to be close to you, hear your voice, and feel your warmth, just as she did before she was born. Over time, you’ll get to know your baby and understand her unique cries and signals.

Some things to try

• Offer the breast, even if your baby nursed a short time ago. He may just need a little dessert! Even if he is not very hungry, breastfeeding might calm him.

• Hold him close to you. Consider undressing him so that you can be skin to skin. That contact often helps the baby stop crying. See Skin-to-Skin Care for more information.

• Take a walk with him. Babies love to move, and they love the rhythm of an adult walking. Use a wrap or soft baby carrier if you have one, or just carry him as you stroll around your kitchen or around the block. You can also rock in a rocking chair.

• Talk or sing to her. Your baby has been listening to your voice for months before she was born, and she loves the sound of it.

• Take a bath together. If your baby is feeling tense, snuggling with you in warm water might just be the relaxation she needs. A helper can place the baby in your arms once you’re in the water.

• If nothing is working, try offering the breast again. She might be ready to latch on and nurse a bit more now.

A helping hand 

Sometimes all you can do for your baby is to be there while he cries. He will be reassured by your touch and closeness, even if he continues to cry. If your baby cries a lot, and you are getting frustrated, ask someone to help you out. Perhaps your partner or a friend or family member can hold or carry the baby while you have a break. See How Partners and Supporters Can Help for more ideas.

Here’s the good news: even babies who cry a lot tend to cry less and less as they reach two or three months of age. Your love and support will help him learn that the world is a caring place and that he can trust you to be there for him.

资料来源：https://www.lllc.ca/why-do-babies-cry

END

翻译：传艳 

  一审：Lynn 

二审：Marien、张艳莹

编辑：斯琦

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